Статья "THE TALE TYPE"

Concept

issue

indices

delimit

folk-literary

belles-lettres

indexing.

distinguish

dimension – измерение (зд. критерий)

composition

transmission

pattern – образец

performer (folk)

narrative - 1) повествовательный

2) повествование

ethnopoetic – этнопоэтический

maxim - афоризм

epic - эпопея

medium - способ

preliterate – дописьменный

literate –

intermingle – смешиваться

pseudo-historical

ascribe - приписывать

apocryphal

folktale – народная сказка

oscillating - колеблющийся

cultural status –

peripheral – периферийный

label - маркировать

"high" literature – высокая литература

"learned" literature – зд. изящная литература

Cultivate - культивировать

remuner­atе – вознаграждать

vernacular – народный, туземный

telugu – телугу (народ)

profane - светский

livelihood – средства к существованию

Trivialliteratur (нем.) – тривиальная литература

belief (folk) – народное поверье

superstition - суеверие

texture - текст

and the level of narrative content or of poetic image (in non-narrative genres).

Assumption – предположение

"inspired" literature – вдохновлённая литература

Distinguishing - отличительный

Predominantly - преимущественно

Narrativity – повествовательность

Plot - сюжет

numskull (tale) – сказка о глупцах

formula tale – рассказ-формула

quasi-narrative -полуповествовательный

parable - притча

motif -

divergent – расходящийся

persist – сохраняться

Motif-Index (Thompson's) – Мотив –Индекс Томпсона

Episode-

one-episodic - одноэпизодический

character

requisite

deed

allo-motif (Dundes')

content

slot (structural) – пробел, зазор (структурный)

motif-emе – мотив-эме

context-free – не контекстный

free-floating – свободно мигрирующий

pool (common) – бассейн (общий), зд. можно фонд

assemblage - набор

coupling – сцепление

bibliographical –

reper­toire

semantic -семантический

framework - рамка

оgre – великан

protagonist – главный герой

load (semantic) –

phon-emes

morph-eme

equal – равен, тождественен

aforementioned – вышеупомянутый

investigate – исследовать

concrete –

abstract –

caption - заголовок

hierarchy-:

Abstract level: ThMot R227, "Wife flees from husband." Concrete level: ThMot R227.1, "Wife flees from animal husband." ThMot R227.2, "Wife flees from hated husband."

Let us give a new description of a motif for the purposes of listing elements of literary content in an index. The literary content of the work should be decomposed into the following elements which we will call "motifs":

1. single characters and their qualities

2. single requisites and their qualities

3. single deeds and their qualities

4. typical and recurrent couplings of elements 1 to 3, including sub­
   ject, action and object and thereby equaling Propp's function and
   Dundes' "allo-motif"

5. passive form: results of action

6. spatial (geographic) and temporal marks and their special qualities

7. formulae and formulaic numbers.

Such a listing can include "motifs" appearing in all genres, narrative and non-narrative, oral and written, just as Thompson's Index does (see below, chapter B.4., pp. 60-61).

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A.3. THE TALE TYPE

3.0. INTRODUCTION 3.0.1. The concept of type

A "tale type" designates a story (in prose or verse) persisting in tradi­tion, oral and/or written. While the motif designates parts of a work, the type basically designates a whole work. There exist multi-episodic works which are composed of episodes, each registered in a different type (the so called "conglomerates", see Anderson 1953:111-32; Jason 1965). The types themselves, however, have been worked out on whole tales.

The concept of tale type has been designed by the geographic-his­toric ("Finnish") school (see Aarne 1913; Anderson 1931-33:508-22 and Rohrich 1977:1012-30). The tale type is conceived in the framework of history of culture, specifically history of literature and is based on the notion of monogenesis: the story which forms the basis of a tale type was once invented by an unknown author and from him it diffused by oral transmission to wherever the tale is found today (Aarne 1913). The tales found today in oral tradition are "variants" of the original story. The description of a tale type as done by Aarne and Thompson is an idealized story, which does not correspond completely to any text recorded from a performer (such a text is a variant), but contains pro­visions for a range of variations. The geographic-historic school pro­duced many monographs dealing with single types (quoted in AaTh in the bibliography to the respective types; technical manual for mono­graphic research see Krohn 1926b). The monographs are philological-historical: they assemble and describe all available variants of the type and try to determine (a) its original form, the "archetype", (b) the time and location of the archetype's composition, and (c) the movements of the work in history and over geographic space.

In recent decades the "mini-monograph" became popular: a limited number of variants of a type were chosen for discussion. The problems raised in mini-monographs vary widely and span the whole range of questions the discipline deals with at a given moment. Among them the original culture-historical problem is only one of a multitude. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of such mini-monographs scattered in journals, congress proceedings and other volumes of papers. Some

types

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have a dozen or more of such mini-monographs. Notes to indi­vidual texts in richly annotated collections of stories amount also to mini-monographs. These notes are usually strictly culture-historically oriented (see, e.g., the works of Bolte & Polivka below, chapter El., no. 2 and Schwarzbaum 1961-63,1968,1979).

For various reasons the cultural-historical monographs did not at­tain their goals (see Jason 1970:287-94). They left, however, a very valu­able asset for future research in the assembled and described variants of the tale type. These serve as a firm basis for further phenomenological inquiry.

3.0.2. The episode

A narrative can consist of one or more episodes. If the narrative is multi-episodic, in principle, similar episodes should appear in a fixed order. Chain types (see below) are an exception; in them, only opening and closing episodes are fixed. The description of the tale type does not take boundary elements into account (opening and closing formulae -see Jason 1975b, no. 3.5.5 and 1977a, section 13.5; and Rosianu 1974, both with examples).

The episode seems to be the stable unit in narrative oral literature (of the Euro-Afro-Asian cultural area; in regard to other cultures, see, be­low, chapter B.6., pp. 86-87). It is still little investigated. Nikiforov (1927/ 73) defines it as the encounter of the pivotal tale role with a specific secondary tale role (or roles). For instance: hero (pivotal role) encoun­ters donor (secondary role) and gets help from him (Propp's functions 12-14 in Propp 1928/68); hero struggles with villain (Propp's functions 16,18). It should be added that episodes in a multi-episodic tale tend also to be set off from each other by transfers in time and / or space, i.e., between one episode and the next there is a time-lapse without action and/or there is a change of "stage" on which the events in the story take place. In any case, the episode can cut across Propp's "functions" and "moves" and is by no means identical with either of them. (Exam­ples of texts segmented according to functions, moves and episodes see in Jason 1977b: 99-139; 1978b: 110-34; 1979a: 189-215; 1979b: 36-70; 1980:1-23; 1981:47-54; 1984:79-97 and 1989:12-16,30-34; the texts are of various genres.)

3.0.3. Content vs. idea

It is important to emphasize that a tale type designates the content of a story and not an idea a story may express. (Wienert developed such

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"idea" types: his Sinntyp, which could be translated "parable type", see below, chapter El., no. 9, pp. 20, 86-149,152-54.) A text should be typed according to its content and not according to the idea the analyst maintains to be expressed in the texts.

(3) Example

The idea of "unsuccessful repetition" has no type number (Dundes 1962a: 165-74; Jason 1989). Several type numbers list stories which are based on this idea:

-AaTh 1, "The Theft of the Fish" (animal swindler novella) -AaTh 480, "The Spinning Women by the Spring. The Kind and the Unkind Girl" (reward-and-punishment fairy tale)

• AaTh 676, "Open Sesame" (reward-and-punishment fairy tale)
  -AaTh 753, "Christ and the Smith" (sacred legend)

• AaTh 1689 A, "Two Presents to the King" (wisdom novella).

Each of these tales has its specific content. They belong to widely dif­ferent genres (list of genres see below, chapter E.2.) and do not share a pool of episodes.