Придаточные предложения
Придаточные относительные (Relative Clauses) отвечают на вопросы Какой? Который? Чей? и относятся к определенному слову в главном предложении. Способы присоединения:
- относительными местоимениями (Relative Pronouns)
who (whom), that для одушевленных объектов, which, that для неодушевленных объектов
whose (чей) для одушевленных и неодушевленных объектов.
The people who live next door are my relatives. There are few people who you can call real friends.
The shop which works 24 hours is very convenient. The shop which you see in front of you is expensive.
Behind the sofa there is a table whose legs are broken. I know a composer whose music sounds great.
-относительными наречиями (Relative Adverbs) when, where, why
That is the house where I lived in my childhood.
Christmas is the time when all people give and get presents.
The reason why I love literature is quite clear.
Придаточные определительные (Defining) важны для содержания главного предложения, их нельзя опустить, они не выделяются запятыми. Придаточные неопределительные (Non-defining) содержат дополнительную информацию, их можно опускать, они выделяются запятыми.
The test which you wrote yesterday was really difficult. School tests, which are given by teachers, help evaluate children’s knowledge.
Придаточные цели (Clauses of Purpose) отвечают на вопрос С какой целью? и присоединяются к главному предложению следующими спосабами:
- (not) to V1 / in order (not) to V1 /so as (not) to V1
We go to school to get knowledge. President speaks on TV in order to make the situation clear. I always listen to teachers so as to understand everything.
-so that S + can/can’t/will /won’t V1 (так чтобы, относится к настоящему или будущему)
Jane is going to send a lot of invitations so that everybody can come to the party.
-so that S + could/couldn’t/ wouldn’t V1 (относится к прошлому)
Mother cooked a lot of food so that all the relatives could have a bite.
I hid all the electric wires so that my cat wouldn’t chew them.
-with the view to /with the aim of + V1ing
I bought some sweets with the view to treating my younger brother.
Tom learnt the poem by heart with the aim of getting a good mark.
-in case S + Present (относится к настоящему или будущему)(на случай, если…)
You should take an umbrella in case it rains.
-in case S + Past (относится к прошлому)
We took large baskets in case we found a lot of mushrooms in the forest.
-for fear/ lest S + might/ should V1 (чтобы не…)
She read the written text twice for fear she might make a spelling mistake.
-prevent sb/ sth from V1ing (предотвратить, помешать)
Ann locked the door carefully to prevent burglars from breaking in.
Придаточные результата/следствия (Clauses of Result) отвечают на вопрос С каким результатом?
Способы присоединения к главному предложению:
-such a (an) + (adjective) + noun (исчисл. в ед.ч.) + that + придаточное
It was such a wonderful painting that I couldn’t tear my eyes from it.
-such + (adjective) + noun (исчисл. во мн.ч. или неисчисл.) + that + придаточное
It was such great love that everybody envied them. They were such devoted friends that they shared everything.
-such a lot of + noun + that + придаточное
I’ve got such a lot of problems that I’m really stressed out.
-so + adjective/adverb + that + придаточное
I was so cold that I didn’t feel my body. She sings so charmingly that people can’t but admire her.
-so + few/ little/ many/ much + noun + that + придаточное
There were so few tourists at the seaside that hotels remained practically empty.
She spoke with so much pain in her voice that he promised to help her.
-as a result/ therefore/ consequently/ so + that + придаточное
Reading books is not so popular today as it used to be and therefore libraries and bookshops are disappearing.
Придаточные причины (Clauses of Reason) отвечают на вопрос По какой причине? Почему?
Способы присоединения к главному предложению:
-because + придаточное (отвечает на вопрос why?)
I don’t go to the swimming pool because I don’t like swimming.
-as + придаточное (так как)
As students spend all their time on getting ready for examinations, they rarely go out.
-for + придаточное ( после запятой на письме, после паузы в устной речи, формальный стиль)
The participants of the meeting didn’t come to an agreement, for some new facts made the discussion impossible.
-because of/ due to + noun/ V1ing (из-за, не является предложением, имеет статус фразы)
The school head wanted to see Tom’s parents because of his poor behavior.
The flight was delayed due to the stormy weather. She’s got a headache because of reading on the monitor.
-because of/ due to + the fact that + придаточное
We didn't attend school in spring because of the fact that authorities had introduced quarantine.
Придаточные условия 3-х типов (Conditional Clauses)отвечают на вопрос При каком условии?
- if + придаточное (главное и придаточное можно менять местами)
If you come to my place, I will show you an interesting picture. (I – реальное условие в наст. или буд.)
If you came to my place, I would show you an interesting picture.(II- нереальное условие, относящееся к настоящему или будущему)
If you had come to my place yesterday, I would have shown you an interesting picture.(III –нереальное условие, относящееся к прошлому)
-unless + придаточное (если только не)
Your problems will grow unless you try to find the way out.
-on condition that / provided that + придаточное
Everything will be OK on condition that you make some efforts to succeed.
Придаточные времени (Clauses of Time) отвечают на вопрос Когда? Способы присоединения:
when (когда) / after (после того как)/ before (до того как)/ as soon as(как только)/ until (до тех пор пока)/ by the time (к тому времени как)+ придаточное
!!! Главное (Future Tenses) + Придаточное (Present Tenses) – относится к будущему
He will call as soon as the plane arrives.
Главное (Future in the Past) + Придаточное (Past Tenses)
He said he would call as soon as the plane arrived.
Придаточные уступки
In spite of/ despite + noun (не смотря на, статус фразы)
In spite of rainy weather we went for a walk. Despite pandemic lots of people don’t wear face covering.
In spite of the fact that + придаточное
In spite of the fact that the weather was rainy we went for a walk.
Despite the fact that + придаточное
English still plays the leading role as the international language despite the fact that some other languages also spread rapidly.
Although + придаточное (хотя)
Although I wasn’t asked to help I will do it.
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