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The ruffed lemur is the largest lemur, weighing 3.5 - 4.5 kg (7.7 - 10 lb). Its head and body length is about 50 cm (20"), and its tail is about 60 cm (24") long. Ruffed lemurs get their name from the long, thick hair on their ears. There are two subspecies: the black-and-white ruffed lemur and the red ruffed lemur. The two subspecies are generally similar but differ significantly in their coloration and where they are found. The pelages of both subspecies are long and luxuriant. The pelage of the black-and-white ruffed lemur predominantly consists of different-sized patches of black and white, while that of the red ruffed lemur is mostly red, with a black crown and a white nape.

The ruffed lemur lives in primary and secondary rain forests in eastern Madagascar. The ruffed lemur is entirely vegetarian, eating mainly fruit with supplemental leaves, nectar and seeds. Fruit comprises a larger percentage of its diet than is the case for any other lemur. The ruffed lemur is an arboreal forest dweller. It prefers to spend time in the top layers of the canopy. Almost exclusively diurnal, the ruffed lemur is most active early in the morning and in the late afternoon and evening. A female ruffed lemur does not carry her offspring on her stomach or back like most primates. Rather, unlike any other primate in the world, a female ruffed lemur gives birth and leaves her young in a nest made from twigs, leaves and vines, generally 10 - 20 m (33 - 66') above the ground.  

Ruffed lemurs are confined to eastern rain forest regions of Madagascar and appear to be uncommon to rare throughout their range. The Antainambalana River in northeastern Madagascar separates the ranges of the two subspecies. Black-and-white ruffed lemurs were originally found in most forested areas along the entire east coast of Madagascar. Currently, the distribution of the black-and-white subspecies is poorly known, particularly at the northern limits. The red ruffed lemur appears to be restricted to the Masoala Peninsula in northeastern Madagascar. The ruffed lemur is threatened by deforestation and by hunting and trapping for food and the pet trade.