Артикли в английском языке

Артикли

Презентация к уроку английского языка

Пушкарева Е.В.

Английская грамматика

Нет артикля без

существительного,

но есть существительные

без артиклей.

Тот, кто знает грамматику

Исчичляемые и неисчисляемые существительные

Существительное может быть

исчисляемым

неисчисляемым

I eat an apple every day. ( ед. число )

I like apples . ( мн. число )

I eat bread every day.

I like bread .

You can use a/an with singular

countable nouns:

a sofa a pupil a stick

You cannot use a/an with uncountable

nouns: sand salt pepper

But you can use a … of :

a drop of water a game of golf

You can use uncountable nouns

alone (without the/my/some etc.):

You can use plural countable nouns

alone : I like plums.

People need salt.

They still don’t have electricity.

Letters will be received.

You can use some and any with

uncountable nouns:

You can use some and any with plural

countable nouns: I got some keys.

They gave some blood. We don’t have

any space left.

Did you see any birds outside?

We use many and few with plural

countable nouns:

We use much and little with

uncountable nouns:

We didn’t have many pictures.

I have a few papers to sign .

We have much work to do.

They had a little petrol left.

?

Countable and uncountable nouns.

Nouns that can be:

countable

uncountable

A potato or potato ?

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable.

I’m peeling the potatoes .

Sue baked a cake for David.

Nancy was eating an apple .

Someone threw a stone at the police.

There is a hair on your shirt.

Would you like some potato ?

Have some cake !

Is there apple in this salad?

The house is built of stone .

I must brush my hair .

A sport or sport ?

Often the countable noun is specific, and the uncountable is more general.

Rugby is a sport . (=a particular sport)

That’s a nice painting over there!

We heard a sudden noise outside.

John Lennon had an interesting life .

Do you like sport ? (=sport in general)

Jim is good at painting .

Constant noise can make you ill.

Life is complicated sometimes.

Countable and uncountable nouns.

Nouns that can be:

countable

uncountable

A paper or paper ?

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable with different meanings.

I bought a paper . (=a newspaper)

I’ll have a glass of orange juice.

Have you got an iron ? (for clothes)

I switched all the lights on.

I’ve been to France many times .

The journey was a great experience .

I run a small business . (a company)

We found a space in the car park.

I need some paper to write on.

I bought a piece of glass for the window.

The bridge is made of iron .

There’s more light by the window.

I can’t stop. I haven’t got time .

He has enough experience for the job.

I enjoy doing business . (buying and selling)

There is no space for the piano in here.

A coffee or coffee ?

Words for drinks are usually uncountable. But when we are ordering or offering drinks, we can say a cup of… or a … .

Some nouns can be countable when we are talking about a particular kind or about different kinds.

Two coffees , please.

Chianti is an Italian wine . ( kind of wine)

The use of plastics has greatly increased.

(= the use of different kinds of plastic)

Coffee is more expensive than tea .

Wine is not served in McDonalds.

?

A/an and the

The goes both with

singular and plural

and uncountable nouns.

He needed the case .

(singular)

He needed the cases .

(plural)

He needed the luggage .

(uncountable)

When the story first mentions smth the noun has a or an .

But when the same thing is mentioned again, the noun has the .

A\an goes only with singular noun.

He left a case .

(singular)

He left some cases .

(plural)

He left some luggage .

(uncountable)

A/an and the

We use a/an + someone/something when we aren’t saying which one.

A man booked into a hotel.

He left a case behind.

We use the + noun or he/she/it when we know which one.

He didn’t return to the hotel.

The case contained clothes.

A/an and the

We use a/an and the when we aren’t saying which one, and we use the when we know which one.

A tourist arrived in Cheltenham to look around the town .

When there is only one thing in the context , we use the . We normally say:

the country, the earth, the environment, the government, the moon, the ozone layer, the Prime Minister, the sea, the sky, the sun, the weather, the cinema, the theatre, the newspaper, the police.

A/an and the

We use a/an to describe something:

It was a lovely day .

• to classify something:

The play was a comedy .

• to say what someone’s job is:
• Nick is a car salesman .

But we use the with a superlative.

It’s the biggest hotel in town.

This is the best photo .

?

The + plurals and uncountables

We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning :

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning :

Cars are expensive to buy.

The cars had both broken down.

We saw the elephants in the zoo.

Elephants are intelligent animals.

I don’t understand computers.

The computers crashed at work.

You always need money.

Mary put the money in her purse.

Oil is used in every machine around.

Look at the oil on your sweater.

?

The + plurals and uncountables

We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning :

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning :

This man went to prison two years ago.

The boy went to the prison to see his father.

The school is a mile from here.

School is over at half past three.

Steve is at college.

(He is a student there.)

The meeting was at the college.

David is in hospital.

(He is a patient.)

Melanie waited in the hospital for news.

Sue is going to church (to a service.)

We wanted to look round the church.

?

The + plurals and uncountables

We use plurals and uncountables without the with general meaning :

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning :

In bed, go to bed

(to rest or sleep)

Sit on the bed,

make the bed

In the house, to the house, in the home

At home, go home, come home, leave home

At sea (=sailing),

Go to sea (as a sailor)

On the sea, by the sea, at the seaside, on the coast

In town, go into town, leave town

The town center, the city, the village

At work, go to work, leave work

The office,

the factory

?

Articles with phrases of time

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the .

We are meeting on Friday for lunch .

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.

It was the Friday before she went to Australia.

We normally use article if there is an adjective.

We had a good lunch .

Years, seasons, months.

That was the year

I was born.

It was the winter of 1995

when things started to go

wrong for the company.

I was born in 1986 .

We play cricket in summer .

Winter always depresses me.

I will start the course

in September .

Articles with phrases of time

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the .

We are meeting on Friday for lunch .

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.

It was the Friday before she went to Australia.

We normally use article if there is an adjective.

We had a good lunch .

Special times.

We had a wonderful

Christmas .

I started work here the

Easter before last.

We go away at Christmas .

Easter is early this year.

I’ll be home for Thanksgiving .

Articles with phrases of time

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the .

We are meeting on Friday for lunch .

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.

It was the Friday before she went to Australia.

We normally use article if there is an adjective.

We had a good lunch .

Days of the week.

The storm was on the

Thursday of that week.

We went surfing at the

weekend.

Yes, Thursday will be

convenient.

I’ll see you on Tuesday

evening .

Articles with phrases of time

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the .

We are meeting on Friday for lunch .

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.

It was the Friday before she went to Australia.

We normally use article if there is an adjective.

We had a good lunch .

Parts of the day and night.

It’s warmer

in the day .

Someone got up in the night .

We’re meeting in the morning .

They arrived at the hotel in

the evening .

It was a beautiful sunset .

I couldn’t see in the

dark .

I can’t sleep at night .

I prefer to travel by day .

I must get to bed before

midnight .

We were at the beach at

sunset .

I hope to get there

before dark .

Articles with phrases of time

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the .

We are meeting on Friday for lunch .

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.

It was the Friday before she went to Australia.

We normally use article if there is an adjective.

We had a good lunch .

Meals.

We had a quick breakfast .

The supper David cooked

was excellent.

The meal was very nice.

I’ll see you at breakfast .

We have supper at about 8.

I’m going out after lunch .

?

Quite a, such a, what a, etc.

After quite , such, and what we can use

a phrase with a/an . There is often an adjective

as well, e.g. such a good team .

A/an goes before very , fairly , really etc.

It’s a very good house.

It’s a fairly long walk.

I made a really stupid mistake.

A/an is used after such in the meaning of so .

It was such an easy test. (the test was so easy)

It’s such a long time since I saw you.

The were such a lot of people.

?

In an exclamation we can use what a/an with

a singular noun.

What a good idea!

Place names with and without the

We do not use “the” with names of people. The same way, we do not usually use it with names of places :

Continents

Africa

Europe

South America

Countries

Switzerland

Russia

Germany

The Netherlands, the USA, the Canary Islands (plurals)

Republic (the Irish republic), kingdom (the United Kingdom), federation (the Rus.Fed.)

States, regions

Alaska

Siberia

Central Africa

The West, the Rivera, the Middle East, the Midlands, the South of France

Rhode Island

Majorca

Cyprus

Islands

Plural islands with “the” : the Bermuda Islands

Cities, towns,

Suburbs, villages

Los Angeles

Helsinki

Moscow

The Hague, the Bronx, the West End of London

North Hill

Etna

Everest

Mountains, hills.

Hill ranges and mount ranges have the: the Alps, the Rockies

Place names with and without the

We do not use “the” with names of people. The same way, we do not usually use it with names of places :

Lakes

Lake Michigan

Coniston Water

Seas, oceans, rivers, canals have “the” (the Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the Suez)

Roads, streets,

Squares, parks

Morgan Rd,

Fifth avenue

Central park

Exceptions: the High street, The Avenue, The Strand, The Mall

Main and numbered roads have “the”: the Bath road, the A5, the M6

Bridges

Brooklyn Bridge

Tower Bridge

Exceptions: the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge (=the bridge over river Severn)

Merton college

Lambeth museum

Orly (airport)

Waterloo

(station)

Stations, airports,

Important buildings

Exceptions with “of” or with a noun or adj.: the University of York, the White House

In the US names with center

Lincoln center

Theatres, cinemas,

Hotels, galleries

possessives

St.Martin’s theater

But: the Globe (theatre), the Plaza (cinema), the Dorchester (hotel), the Tate (gallery)

Matilda’s

restaurant

Bloomingdale’s

(shopping center)

Shops,

restaurants

?

Exceptions: names with a noun the Body Shop, the Studio Cafe