Water pollution

DR MOHD HASNI HJ JAAFAR

ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICIAN

DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY HEALTH, UKM MEDICAL CENTRE,

MALAYSIA

WATER

• 71% from earth surface.

• 97% salt water (sea) 3% fresh water 87% ice and glaciers, underground, air. 13% surface water (0.4% total water).
• 97% salt water (sea)
• 3% fresh water 87% ice and glaciers, underground, air. 13% surface water (0.4% total water).
• 87% ice and glaciers, underground, air.
• 13% surface water (0.4% total water).

• Function

• Domestic. Industry. Agriculture. Recreation. Safety and security.
• Domestic.
• Industry.
• Agriculture.
• Recreation.
• Safety and security.

WATER

• 70% total human body wt.
• 30 – 40% bone mass.
• Body functions:

• Absorption of oxygen at alveoli. Control of body temperature. Blood component. Digestion in kidneys and intestine.
• Absorption of oxygen at alveoli.
• Control of body temperature.
• Blood component.
• Digestion in kidneys and intestine.

• Alteration of 10% body content – health problem.
• Alteration of 20% body content – death.

WATER POLLUTION

• Ideal water supply

• Quality. Quantity.
• Quality.
• Quantity.

• Water quality parameter

• Physical. Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell, temp. Chemical. Dissolved substances, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, heavy metal, organic compound, nutrient (nitrogen & phosphorus), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD). Biology. Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes.
• Physical. Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell, temp.
• Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell, temp.
• Chemical. Dissolved substances, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, heavy metal, organic compound, nutrient (nitrogen & phosphorus), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
• Dissolved substances, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, heavy metal, organic compound, nutrient (nitrogen & phosphorus), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
• Biology. Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes.
• Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• Uncontrolled land development since colonial era (end 19 th century).

• Agriculture (logging, estate, farms). Mining (tin, gold, cuprum). Industrialization. Housing development. Hydro dam.
• Agriculture (logging, estate, farms).
• Mining (tin, gold, cuprum).
• Industrialization.
• Housing development.
• Hydro dam.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• Pollution of clean water resources

• Erosion at water catchments areas. Erosion of rivers. Effluent from rubber and palm oil factories. Effluent from mining site. Effluent from industry area. Effluent from farming area. Effluent from domestic area.
• Erosion at water catchments areas.
• Erosion of rivers.
• Effluent from rubber and palm oil factories.
• Effluent from mining site.
• Effluent from industry area.
• Effluent from farming area.
• Effluent from domestic area.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

SOURCES

YEAR

1978

Palm Oil factory

Rubber factory

Mining

Industry

Farming

1

2

3

4

5

1979

1985

1

2

3

5

6

4

5

3

1

2

1990

6

5

3

1

2

Mohamad Ismail Yaziz 1993

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• Puncak Niaga, 2001

• Effluent from factories and agricultural activities. Land and forest clearance activities. Mining. Solid waste. Wastewater.
• Effluent from factories and agricultural activities.
• Land and forest clearance activities.
• Mining.
• Solid waste.
• Wastewater.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• DOE, 1998

• River cleanliness 25% clean (68.2% - 1989) 65% moderately polluted (29.3% - 1989) 10% polluted (2.5% - 1989) Source of pollution 43% from farming and domestic. 34% from forest clearance and development. 21% from industries.
• River cleanliness 25% clean (68.2% - 1989) 65% moderately polluted (29.3% - 1989) 10% polluted (2.5% - 1989)
• 25% clean (68.2% - 1989)
• 65% moderately polluted (29.3% - 1989)
• 10% polluted (2.5% - 1989)
• Source of pollution 43% from farming and domestic. 34% from forest clearance and development. 21% from industries.
• 43% from farming and domestic.
• 34% from forest clearance and development.
• 21% from industries.

SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

• DOE, 1998

• Marin pollution 94.5% by oil and grease. 73.7% by suspended solids. 28.7% by E.coli Underground water pollution 3% contents mercury, cadmium and lead. 23% contents phenolic. 40% contents arsenic.
• Marin pollution 94.5% by oil and grease. 73.7% by suspended solids. 28.7% by E.coli
• 94.5% by oil and grease.
• 73.7% by suspended solids.
• 28.7% by E.coli
• Underground water pollution 3% contents mercury, cadmium and lead. 23% contents phenolic. 40% contents arsenic.
• 3% contents mercury, cadmium and lead.
• 23% contents phenolic.
• 40% contents arsenic.

TYPE OF POLLUTION

• pH.
• Organic content (BOD).
• Suspended solids.
• Ammonium-nitrogen.
• Micro bacteria.
• Heavy metals

• lead, cuprum, cadmium.
• lead, cuprum, cadmium.

• Pesticides.

WATER POLLUTION

• Will cause

• Soil contamination. Air contamination. Food chain contamination. Esthetic.
• Soil contamination.
• Air contamination.
• Food chain contamination.
• Esthetic.

• Lack of clean water supply for

• Domestic demand. Industry use. Agriculture use.
• Domestic demand.
• Industry use.
• Agriculture use.

WATER POLLUTION

• Will also cause

• Breeding of diseases vector. Spreading of water borne diseases. Food poisoning. Skin problem.
• Breeding of diseases vector.
• Spreading of water borne diseases.
• Food poisoning.
• Skin problem.