Consonant sounds [g], [k].

[G] AND [K]

Ksenia Lazareva & Ekaterina Miliushina

6 АИ

Characteristics of [g]

• According to:
• 1. the degree of noise - noise consonant 
• 2. the manner of articulation - occlusive plosive 
• 3. the work of vocal cords - voiced 
• 4. the force of articulation - weak (lenis)
• 5. the place of articulation and active organ - lingual, backlingual, velar
• 6. the position of soft palate - oral

Occurrence 

• [g] is LOUD before a vowel and quiet loud before [l], [r]

Group - [gruːp] , giggle - [ˈgɪgl] , globe - [ˈgləʊb]

 • [g] is often quieter at the end of a word or before a consonant 

Fog - [fɒg] , smog - [smɒg] , rugby - [ˈrʌgbi]

Articulation 

To create the /g/ , air is briefly prevented from leaving the vocal tract when the back of the tongue lifts, presses against the soft palate at the back of the mouth and forms a complete barrier. The sound is aspirated when the air is released. 

Comparison with Russian [г]

The Russian consonant [г] - is similar in pronunciation to English [g] 

Tongue twisters

• 1. Three grey geese in a field grazing. Grey were the geese and green was the grazing.
• [θriː greɪ giːs ɪn ə fiːld ˈgreɪzɪŋ .  greɪ wɜː ðə giːs ænd griːn wɒz ðə ˈgreɪzɪŋ ]
• 2. The glum groom grew glummer.
• [ðə glʌm grʊm gruː ˈglʌmə ]
• 3. A girl guide giggled at a glum guardsman guarding the gates.
• [ə gɜːl gaɪd ˈgɪgld æt ə glʌm ˈgɑːdzmən ˈgɑːdɪŋ ðə geɪts ]

Tongue twisters

• 4. Great gray geese graze gaily daily.
• [greɪt greɪ giːs greɪz ˈgeɪli ˈdeɪli]
• 5. Gale’s great glass globe glows green.
• [geɪlz greɪt glɑːs ˈgləʊb gləʊz griːn] 

Goats with curls, 

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[gəʊts wɪð kɜːlz ,   

And giggly girls, 

ænd ˈgɪgli gɜːlz ,   

Are going out to dine…

ɑː ˈgəʊɪŋ aʊt tuː daɪn …  

On eggs and figs,

ɒn ɛgz ænd fɪgz , 

And orange tree twigs,

  ænd ˈɒrɪnʤ triː twɪgz ,   

And grapes right off the vine.

ænd greɪps raɪt ɒf ðə vaɪn .]

Poem

Idiomatic expressions  

• 1. Get one’s act together - [gɛt wʌnz ækt təˈgɛðə]
• To become serious, organized.
• 2. Go to the dogs - [gəʊ tuː ðə dɒgz]
• To say that a company, organization or country is going to the dogs means that it is becoming less successful or efficient than before.
• 3. Good for nothing - [gʊd fɔː ˈnʌθɪŋ ]
• A person who is thought of as worthless.

Idiomatic expressions  

• 4. Get in on the ground floor - [gɛt ɪn ɒn ðə graʊnd flɔː ]
• To enter a project or venture at the start before people know how successful it might be.
• 5. Get on your nerves - [gɛt ɒn jɔː nɜːvz]
• To become extremely annoying to someone.

Academic text

The gold mining industry is presented as an overview covering key aspects and examples regarding gold discovery, deposits, and production. Segmentation of gold ore types is made based on major processing routes: free-milling, refractory, heap-leachable, and concentrate sales. This division covers gross differences in mineralogy, gold grades , and co-elements. 

[ðə gəʊld ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈɪndəstri ɪz prɪˈzɛntɪd æz ən ˈəʊvəvjuː ˈkʌvərɪŋ kiː ˈæspɛkts ænd ɪgˈzɑːmplz rɪˈgɑːdɪŋ gəʊld dɪsˈkʌvəri ,  dɪˈpɒzɪts ,  ænd prəˈdʌkʃən .  ˌsɛgmɛnˈteɪʃən ɒv gəʊld ɔː taɪps ɪz meɪd beɪst ɒn ˈmeɪʤə ˈprəʊsɛsɪŋ ruːts : friː-ˈmɪlɪŋ ,  rɪˈfræktəri ,  hiːp-ˈliːʧəbl ,  ænd ˈkɒnsəntreɪt seɪlz .  ðɪs dɪˈvɪʒən ˈkʌvəz grəʊs ˈdɪfrənsɪz ɪn ˌmɪnəˈræləʤi ,  gəʊld greɪdz ,  ænd kəʊ-ˈɛlɪmənts ]  

Characteristics of [K]

• According to:
• the degree of noise - noise consonant
• the manner of articulation - occlusive plosive
• the work of vocal cords - voiceless
• the force of articulation – strong (fortis)
• the place of articulation and active organ - lingual, backlingual, velar
• the position of soft palate - oral

Occurrence 

• At the beginning of the word

Came – [keɪm] , cat – [kæt]

• In the middle of the word

Lucky – [ˈlʌkɪ ], workforce – [ˈwɜːkfɔːs]

• At the beginning and at the end of the word

Clock – [klɒk]

• At the end of the word

Sick – [sɪk] , duck – [dʌk ]

• The sound [ k ] is pronounced without aspiration before the sound [t], as, for example, in the word select – [sɪˈlekt]

• The sound [k] is not softened before the vowel sounds [e], [i], [i:], [ɜ:] and consonant sound [j]. Key – [kiː]

Articulation 

The /k/ is unvoiced (the vocal cords do not vibrate while producing it).

To create the /k/, air is briefly prevented from leaving the vocal tract when the back of the tongue lifts and presses against the soft palate at the back of the mouth. The sound is aspirated when the air is released. The amount of aspiration used to produce a /k/ is greater than that used for a /g/.

Comparison with Russian [к]

The English sound [k] is similar to the Russian-language equivalent [к], only pronounced more energetically and with a gasp before vowel sounds.

Tongue twisters

1. How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?

[haʊ kæn ə klæm kræm ɪn ə kliːn kriːm kæn ?]

2. The cafe close to the chemist closes at one o’clock,

[ðə ˈkæfeɪ kləʊs tuː ðə ˈkemɪst ˈkləʊzɪz æt wʌn əˈklɒk,

The cafe close to the castle closes at two o’clock,

ðə ˈkæfeɪ kləʊs tuː ðə kɑːsl ˈkləʊzɪz æt tuː əˈklɒk,

The cafe close to the cathedral closes at three o’clock.

ðə ˈkæfeɪ kləʊs tuː ðə kəˈθiːdrəl ˈkləʊzɪz æt θriː əˈklɒk.

Can the cafe close to the cloister close at four o’clock?

kæn ðə ˈkæfeɪ kləʊs tuː ðə ˈklɔɪstə ˈkləʊz æt fɔː əˈklɒk ?]

Tongue twisters

3. Kate can calculate calories in a cup of coffee,

[keit kæn ˈkælkjʊleɪt ˈkælərɪz in ə kʌp ɒv ˈkɒfɪ,

Carol can calculate calories in a cup of cacao.

ˈkær(ə)l kæn ˈkælkjʊleɪt ˈkælərɪz in ə kʌp ɒv kəˈkɑːəʊ.

Can Kate calculate calories in a cup of cacao?

kæn Keit ˈkælkjʊleɪt ˈkælərɪz in ə kʌp ɒv kəˈkɑːəʊ?

Can Carol calculate calories in a cup of coffee?

kæn ˈKær(ə)l ˈkælkjʊleɪt ˈkælərɪz in ə kʌp ɒv ˈkɒfɪ?]

Tongue twisters

4. How many cookies could a good cook cook

[haʊ ˈmenɪ ˈkʊkɪz kʊd ə ɡʊd kʊk kʊk

If a good cook could cook cookies?

if ə ɡʊd kʊk kʊd kʊk ˈkʊkɪz?

A good cook could cook as much cookies

ə ɡʊd kʊk kʊd kʊk əz mʌtʃ ˈkʊkɪz

As a good cook who could cook cookies.

əz ə ɡʊd kʊk huː kʊd kʊk ˈkʊkɪz.]

K was a kite

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[kei wəz ə kaɪt

Which flew out of sight,

wɪtʃ fluː aʊt ɒv saɪt,

Above houses so high,

əˈbʌv ˈhaʊzɪz səʊ haɪ,

Quite into the sky.

kwaɪt ˈɪntuː ðə skaɪ.

K! Fly away, kite!

kei! flaɪ əˈweɪ, kait!]

Poem

Idiomatic expressions  

• 1. Curiosity killed the cat – [kjʊərɪˈɒsɪtɪ kɪld ðə kæt]
• Being too curious can get you into trouble
• 2. To cut corners – [tuː kʌt ˈkɔːnəz]
• To do something badly or cheaply
• 3. In a pickle – [in ə ˈpɪk(ə)l]
• To be in a tough spot.

Idiomatic expressions  

• Quitting cold turkey – [ˈkwɪtɪŋ kəʊld ˈtɜːkɪ]
• To stop a bad habit immediately.
• Calm before the storm - [kɑːm bɪˈfɔː ðə stɔːm]
• Something bad is coming, but right now it's calm.

Academic text

Education encompasses both the teaching and learning of knowledge , proper conduct , and technical competency . It thus focuses on the cultivation of skills , trades or professions, as well as mental, moral & aesthetic development. Formal education consists of systematic instruction, teaching and training by professional teachers. This consists of the application of pedagogy and the development of curricula .

[ˌɛdju(ː)ˈkeɪʃən ɪnˈkʌmpəsɪz bəʊθ ðə ˈtiːʧɪŋ ænd ˈlɜːnɪŋ ɒv ˈnɒlɪʤ ,  ˈprɒpə ˈkɒndʌkt ,  ænd ˈtɛknɪkəl ˈkɒmpɪtənsi .  ɪt ðʌs ˈfəʊkəsɪz

ɒn ðə ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən ɒv skɪlz ,  treɪdz ɔː prəˈfɛʃənz ,  æz wɛl æz ˈmɛntl ,  ˈmɒrəl   &   iːsˈθɛtɪk dɪˈvɛləpmənt .  ˈfɔːməl ˌɛdju(ː)ˈkeɪʃən kənˈsɪsts ɒv ˌsɪstɪˈmætɪk ɪnˈstrʌkʃən ,  ˈtiːʧɪŋ ænd ˈtreɪnɪŋ baɪ prəˈfɛʃənl ˈtiːʧəz .  ðɪs kənˈsɪsts ɒv ði ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n ɒv ˈpɛdəgɒʤi ænd ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt ɒv kəˈrɪkjʊlə . ]