Эквиваленты существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя «Старик и Море» и возможности их перевода на русский язык

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Министерство образования, науки и молодежи Республики Крым

Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение дополнительного образования Республики Крым «Малая академия наук «Искатель»

Отделение: языкознание и

литературоведение

Секция: иностранные языки

Эквиваленты существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя «Старик и Море» и возможности их перевода на русский язык

Работу выполнила:

Саралидзе Мидея Константиновна,

ученица 10 класса
муниципального бюджетного

общеобразовательного учреждения

«Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1

имени Вилина Ивана Петровича»

Бахчисарайского района

Республики Крым

Научный руководитель:

Саралидзе Екатерина Викторовна,

учитель английского языка

муниципального бюджетного

общеобразовательного учреждения

«Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1

имени Вилина Ивана Петровича»

Бахчисарайского района

Республики Крым

г. Бахчисарай – 2020 г.

Тезисы работы «Эквиваленты существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя «Старик и Море» и возможности их перевода на русский язык» Саралидзе Мидеи, муниципального бюджетного общеобразовательного учреждения «Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1 имени Вилина Ивана Петровича», учащейся 10 класса, Бахчисарайского района, научный руководитель: Сейджелилова Д.Н., учитель английского языка муниципального бюджетного общеобразовательного учреждения «Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1 имени Вилина Ивана Петровича».

Тема работы - «Эквиваленты существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя «Старик и Море» и возможности их перевода на русский язык»

Цель работы - изучить особенности перевода.

Задачи исследования: изучить грамматическую характеристику существительных и возможности их перевода.

Работа состоит из вступления, трех разделов, заключения, списка использованных источников.

Во вступлении определены предмет, цели, задачи исследования, определина актуальность и практическая значимость работы.

Первый раздел посвящен изучению грамматической характеристики существительных.

Второй раздел посвящен изучению способов перевода различных имён собственных.

В третьем разделе проведено исследование по переводу существительных в повести Э. Хемингуэя в русском языке.

В заключении сделаны интересные выводы.

Тема работы актуальна для разработки одного из важнейших аспектов теории перевода – проблемы и переводимости.

Практическое значение результатов исследования состоит в возможности их использования учащимися, кто изучает английский язык и пытается глубже понять структуру и особенности языка.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………..3

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………….........4

1. CHAPTER 1. GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES OF ENGLISH NOUNS AND MEANS OF THEIR TRANSLATION………………..5

2. CHAPTER 2. METHODS AND WAYS OF TRANSLATING VARIOUS PROPER NAMES…….……………...…………………......................................14

3. CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN E. HEMINGWAY’S NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA”………....18
CONCLUSION.…………………………………………………………………..24
LITERATURE……………………………………………………………………25

INTRODUCTION

The theme of this research work is “The equivalents of nouns in E. Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea” and the ways of their translations in Russian language.” The purpose of this work is to investigate the translation of nouns in the novel of E. Hemingway, to show what structural models of the nouns are used by the translators in their translation. The first aim of this investigation is to tell what the noun is, and how the author uses it. The second aim is to show methods and ways of translating various proper names. The third aim of the research work is to show how the translators use Russian equivalents of structural models of the noun in the novel of E. Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea”.

I have set this aim because of a superficial translation the reader cannot see what is written between the lines.

This work consists of three chapters. The first chapter is a description of grammatical and semantical categories of English nouns and means of their translation. In the second chapter we get to know about methods and ways of translating various proper names. And in the third chapter the analysis of the translation equivalents is carried out. The analysis is carried out on the material of Ernest Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea” and its translation.

The topic was chosen to learn to analyze different points of view on the problem and to carry out a research independently.This research can be used as a material to teach students and pupils in grammatical and semantical categories of English nouns, methods and ways of translating various proper names. The theoretical significance of this paper is to help students, pupils in grammar, in practice of translation and in foreign literature. The practical significance of this research is to help in futher activity of translation. The novelty of this work is different equivalents of the nouns in foreign language. We should pay attention to differences in translation of Russian language.

1. CHAPTER 1. GRAMMATICAL AND SEMANTICAL CATEGORIES OF ENGLISH NOUNS AND MEANS OF THEIR TRANSLATION

In this chapter I will tell about the noun and how the grammarians treat their categories.The purpose is to discuss morphological caracteristics, syntactical characteristics, the morphological composition of nouns, classification of nouns.

1.1. A general survey and classification of nouns.

The noun is a word expressing substance in the widest sense.

In the concept of substance we include not only names of living beings (e.g. boy, bird) and lifeless things (e.g. table, book), but also names of abstract notions, i.e. qualities, states, actions (kindness, strengtt), abstracted from their bearers.

The noun has the following morphological characteristics:

1. Nouns that can be counted have two numbers: singular an plural (e.g. singular: a girl, plural: girls.).

2. Nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless things) have two case forms: the common case and the genitive case.

It is doubtful whether the grammatical category of gender exists in Modern English for it is hardly ever expressed by means of grammatical forms.

There is practically only one gender–forming suffix in Modern English, the suffix –ess, expressing feminine gender. It is not widely used. (Actor – actr –ess)

The noun has certain syntactical characteristics. The chief syntactical functions of the noun in the sentence are those of the subject and the object. But it may also be used as an attribute or a predicative.

The sun was rising in all his splendid beauty: (Dickens) (subject)

Troy and Yates followed the tourists. (Heym) (object)

He (Bosinney) was an architect… (Galsworthy) (predicative)

Mary brought in the fruit on a tray and with it a glass bowl and a blue dish…(Mansfield) (Attribute; the noun glass is used in the common case)

The hero and heroine, of course, just arrived from his father’s yacht. (Mansfield) (Attribute; the noun father is used in the genitive case)

A noun preceded by a preposition (a prepositional phrase) may be used as an attribute, a prepositional indirect object, and adverbial modifier.

To the left were clean panes of glass. (Ch.Brontë) (Attribute)

Bicket did not answer, his throat felt too dry. He had heard of the police. (Galsworthy) (object).

“Stop everything, Laura” cried Jose in astonishment. (Mansfield) (Adverbial modifier)

The noun is generally associated with the article. Because of the comparative scarcity of morphological distinctions in English in some cases only articles show that the word is a noun.

According to their morphological composition we distinguish simple, derivative and compound nouns.

1. Simple nouns are nouns which have neither prefixes nor suffixes. They are indecomposable: chair, table, room, map, fish, work.

2. Derivative nouns are nouns which have derivative elements (prefixes or suffixes or both): reader, sailor, blackness, childhood, misconduct, inexperience.

Productive noun-forming suffixes are:

• er : reader, teacher, worker

• ist : dramatist, communist, telegraphist

• ess : heiress, hostess, actress

• ness : carelessness, madness, blackness

• ism : socialism, nationalism, imperialism.

Unproductive suffixes are:

• hood: childhood, manhood

• dom: freedom

• ship: relationship, friendship

• ment: development

• ance: importance

• ence: dependence

• ty: cruelty, property

• ity: generosity

• ure: culture, structure

• age: passage, marriage

Compound nouns are nouns built from two or more stems. The meaning of a compound often differs from the meanings of its elements.

The main types of compound nouns are as follows:

1. noun – stem + noun – stem: appletree, snowball;

2. adjective – stem + noun – stem: blackbird, bluebell;

3. verb – stem + noun – stem: pickpocket; the stem of a gerund or of a participle may be the first component of a compound noun: dining-room, reading-hall, dancing-girl, dancing-shoes.

Classification of nouns.

Nouns fall under two classes: (A) proper nouns; (B) common nouns.

A. Proper nouns are individual names given to separate persons or things. As regard their meaning proper nouns may be personal names (Peter), geographical names (Moscow, London), the names of months and of the days of the week (February, Monday), names of ships, hotels, clubs etc.

A large number of nouns now proper were originally common nouns (Brown, Smith, Mason).

Proper nouns may change their meaning and become common nouns:

George went over to the table and took a sandwich and a glass of champagne. (Aldington)

B. Common nouns are names that can be applied to any individual of a class of person or things (e.g. man, dog, book), collections of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit (e.g. family), materials (e.g. snow, iron, cotton) or abstract notions (e.g. kindness, development).

Thus there are different groups of common nouns: class nouns, collective nouns, nouns of material and abstract nouns.

Nouns may also be classified from another point of view: nouns denoting things (the world thing is used in a broad sense) that can be counted are called countable nouns; nouns denoting things that cannot be counted are called uncountable nouns.

1. Class nouns denote persons or things belonging to a class.

They are countables and have two numbers: singular and plural.

They are generally used with an article.

“Well, sir,” said Mrs. Parker, “I wasn’t in the shop above a great deal.” (Mansfield)

He goes to the part of the town where the shops are. (Lessing)

2. Collective nouns denote a number or collection of similar individuals or things regarded as a single unit.

Collective nouns fall under the following groups:

(a) nouns used only in the singular and denoting a number of things collected together and regarded as a single object: foliage, machinery.

It was not restful , that green foliage. (London)

Machinery new to the industry in Australia was introduced for preparing land. (Agricultural Gazette)

(b) nouns which are singular in form though plural in meaning: police, poultry, cattle, people, gentry. They are usually called nouns of multitude. When the subject of the sentence is a noun of multitude the verb used as predicate is in the plural:

I had no idea the police were so devilishly prudent. (Show)

(c) nouns that may be both singular and plural: family, crowd, fleet, nation. We can think of a number of crowds, fleets or different nations as well as of a single crowd, fleet, etc.

A small crowd is lined up to see the guests arrive. (Show)

According they were soon afoot, and walking in the direction of the scene of action, towards which crowds of people were already pouring from a variety of quarters. (Dickens)

1. Nouns of material denote material: iron, gold, paper, tea, water. They are uncountables and are generally used without any article.

There was coffee still in the urn. (Wells)

Nouns of material are used in the plural to denote different sorts of a given material.

…that his senior counted upon him in this enterprise, and had consigned a quantity of select wines to him…(Thackeray)

Nouns of material may turn into class nouns (thus becoming countables) when they come to express an individual object of definite shape.

Compare:

To the left were clean panes of glass. (Ch. Brontë).

“He came in here,” said the waiter looking at the light through the tumbler, “ordered a glass of this ale.” (Dickens)

But the person in the glass made a face at her, and Miss Moss went out. (Mansfield).

1. Abstract nouns denote some quality, state, action or idea: kindness, sadness, fight. They are usually uncountables, though some of them be countables (e.g. idea, hour).

Therefore when the youngsters saw that mother looked neither frightened or offended, they gathered new courage. (Dodge)

Accustomed to John Reed’s abuse – I never had an idea of replying to it. (Ch. Brontë)

It’s these people with fixed ideas. (Galsworthy)

1.2. The category of number.

English countable nouns have two numbers – the singular and the plural.

The main types of the plural forms of English nouns are as follows:

The general rule for forming the plural of English nouns is by adding the ending –s (-es) to the singular; -s is pronounced in different ways:

[iz] after sibilants: noses, horses, bridges.

[z] after voiced consonants other than sibilants and after vowels: flowers, beds.

[s] after voiceless consonants other than sibilants: caps, books, hats, cliffs.

A. If the noun ends in –s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, or –tch, the plural is formed by adding –es to the singular: (bus – buses, box – boxes, bench – benches).

If the noun ends in –y preceded by a consonant, y is changed into i before

–es. (Lady – ladies)

In proper names, however, the plural is formed by adding the ending –s to the singular: Mary, Marys.

If the final –y is preceded by a vowel the plural is formed by simply adding

-s to the singular. (Day – days, monkey – monkeys)

1. If the noun ends in –o preceded by a consonant, the plural is generally formed by adding –es. Only a few nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant form the plural in –s.

Cargo – cargoes

But: piano – pianos

The are a few nouns ending in –o which form the plural both in –s and –es:

(Mosquito – mosquitos or mosquitoes).

With certain nouns the final voiceless consonants are changed into the corresponding voiced consonants when the noun takes the plural form.

(a) The following nouns ending in –f (in some cases followed by a mute e) change it into v (both in spelling and pronunciation) in the plural: (wife – wives).

There are some nouns ending in –f which have two forms in the plural: (Scarf – scarfs or scarves, wharf – wharfs or wharves).

1. Nouns ending in –th [Ө] after long vowels change it into [ð] in pronunciation (which does not affect their spelling). (Bath [ba: Ө] – baths [ba:ðz])

But [Ө] is always retained after consonants (including r) and short vowels:

(Birth – births [bə:Өs], Health – healths [helӨs])

1. One noun ending in [s] changes it into [z] (in pronunciation):

(House [haus] – houses [‘hauziz]).

The plural forms of some nouns are survivals of earlier formations.

1. There are seven nouns which form the plural by changing the root vowel:

(Man-men, goose – geese, woman – women, mouse – mice, foot – feet, louse – lice, tooth – teeth)

1. There are two nouns which form the plural in –en: (Ox – oxen, child – children).

2. In some nouns the plural form does not differ from the singular: deer, sheep, swine, fish, trout.

In compound nouns the plural is formed in different ways.

1. As a rule a compound noun forms the plural by adding –s to the head-word:

(Editor-in-chief - editors-in-chief, brother-in-law – brothers-in-law).

1. As a rule a compound nouns the final elements takes the plural form: (Lady-bird – lady-birds).

2. If there is no noun–stem in the compound, -s is added to the last element:

(Forget-me-not – forget-me-nots, merry-go-round – merry-go-rounds).

Some nouns have only the plural form:

1. Trousers, spectacles, breeches, scissors, tongs, fetters. These are for the most part names of things which imply plurality or consist of two or more parts.

2. Billiards, barracks, works. These nouns may be treated as singulars. We may say: a chemical works, a barracks, etc.

3. Words like phonetics, physics, politics, optics, etc. are usually treated as singulars except in some special cases.

It was not practical politics! (Galsworthy)

All party politics are top dressing. (Galsworthy)

1.3. The category of case.

Case indicates the relations of the noun (or pronoun) to the other words in the sentence.

English nouns denoting living beings (and some nouns denoting lifeless thins) have two case, an uninflected form called the common case and an inflected form called the genitive case.

The genitive case is formed by adding –‘s (the apostrophe s) to the noun in the singular and only ‘ (the apostrophe) to plural forms ending in –s.

Singular: a girl’s book plural: a girls’ school

• Nouns forming their plural by changing the root vowel take the apostrophe s in the plural.

Singular: a man’s hat plural: men’s hats

• Nouns ending in –s form the genitive case in two ways: Dickens’ novels, Dickens’s novel.

As to its use the genitive case falls under:

1. The Dependent Genitive.

2. The Absolute Genitive.

The Dependent Genitive is used with the noun it modifies and comes before it.

The Absolute Genitive may be used without any noun or be separated from the noun it modifies.

The Dependent Genitive

The chief meaning of the genitive case is that of possession:

… young man and a girl come out of the solicitor’s office. (Braine)

he stayed at Fanny’s flat. (Aldington)

Very close to the meaning of possession is that of a part to a whole:

A faint smile had come on Victorine’s face – she was adding up the money she might earn. (Galsworthy)

His sister’s eyes fixed on him with a certain astonishment, obliged him at last to look at Fleur. (Galsworthy)

The Dependent Genitive may express the doer of an action (the so-called subjective genitive) or show that some person is the object of the action (the so-called objective genitive):

It was Tom’s step, then, that Maggie heard on the steps.(Eliot)

Gwendolen’s reception in the neighborhood fulfilled her uncle’s expectations. (Eliot)

The Absolute Genitive

The Absolute Genitive may be used anaphorically.

Mrs. Mass’s face bore a faded resemblance to her brother’s. (Eliot)

The Absolute Genitive may have local meaning: the stationer’s, the akers’s, the tobacconist’s, my uncle’s, etc.

On her way home she usually bought a slice of honey-cake at the baker’s. (Mansfield)

The absolute Genitive may be introduced by the preposition of.

She is a relation of the Colonel’s. (Austen)

1.4. The category of gender.

The grammatical category of gender is not found in English nouns.

Most nouns have the same form for masculine and feminine: parent, child cousin, cook, singer, dancer, journalist, etc.

In some cases, however, such indications are expressed by lexical means, i.e. by:

1. the meaning of the word: man – woman, boy – girl, lord – lady, bull – cow, cock – hen;

2. the word – building suffix –ess: actor – actress, heir – heiress, prince – princess, waiter – waitress, lion – lioness, tiger – tigress;

3. the first stem of a compound noun: boy – friend - girlfriend, man – servat - woman – servant, he – wolf - she – wolf.

Sometmes inanimate objects are personified and are referred to as belonging to the masculine or feminine gender. Thus the sun is masculine, while the moon is feminine. Also feminine are such nouns as: earth, country, ship, boat, car, etc.

It is pleasant to watch the sun in his chariot of gold, and the moon in her chariot of pearl. Ireland lost many of her bravest men in the rebellions against England. The ship struck an iceberg, which tore a huge hole in her bow.

2.CHAPTER 2. METHODS AND WAYS OF TRANSLATING VARIOUS PROPER NAMES

There are no finally established rules yet as to how different kinds and types of English proper names should be translated into Russian, though Russian proper names of people and family names are mostly conveyed on the basis of their phonemic \ orthographic structure, i.e., are transliterated in English. E.g.: Антонина Antonina; Роман Roman; Авраменко Avramenko; Лавриненко Lavrinenko; Иван Ivan; Тамара Tamara etc.

Far from all Russian proper names can be conveyed by way of literal translating, however. This is because some of our vowels and consonants have no equivalent sounds \ phonemes in English and must be substituted for approximately similar sounds. Among these Russian sounds and sounds combinations are first of all those ones, which are rendered with the help of the letters or letter combinations ы, й, ый, ий, я, ю, е, э, or partly through the letters ж, щ, х, ч, ц and consonants.

One of the ways to assure this internationally was the adoption of the Romanization System which enabled the conveying of our personal names, family names (onomastics) and also all Russian geographical names (toponymy) in accordance with some rules. The adopted Romanization System will also serve well as an aid to correct pronunciation of Russian proper names by the foreigners, capable of reading the Roman letters, which more or less correctly convey the sounding forms of any Russian name. The adopted Romanization System is internally consistent and based on sound linguistic principles. It is to be strictly observed by the students of foreign languages and the people responsible for its absolute implementation in this country and abroad. This is how the system is presented:

Russian Romanization

1. Aa Aa

2. Бб Bb

3. Вв V\v

4. Гг Gg

5. Дд Dd

6. Ее Ye or Ee

7. Ёё Ee or Ye

8. Жж Zh zh

9. Зз Zz

10. Ии Ii

11. Йй Yy

12. Кк Kk

13. Лл Ll

14. Мм Mm

15. Нн Nn

16. Оо Oo

17. Пп Pp

18. Pp Rr

19. Сс Ss

20. Тт Tt

21. Уу Uu

22. Фф Ff

23. Хх Kh kh

24. Цц Ts ts

25. Чч Ch ch

26. Шш Sh sh

27. Щщ Shch shch

28. ъ “

29. ы Yy

30. ь ‘

31. Ээ Ee

32. Юю Yu yu

32. Яя Ya ya

A practical realization of this system can be illustrated on many Russian names with the following substitution of Russian letters (and sounds) for the completely, approximately or similary corresponding English letters or letters combinations:

\ы\ as y: Сумы Sumy.

The Russian \ж\ phoneme is conveyed with the help of the zh letter combination: Жук Zhuk.

The Russian \х\ sound is conveyed in English through the kh letter combination: Охримчук Okhrimchuk.

A few English proper names are transliterated with the omission or addition of a letter or two in Russian. This kind of rendering becomes necessary when dealing with specifically English spelling forms of proper names and to avoid the violation of the traditionally established spelling rulles of the Russian language: McDonald Макдональд, Macintosh Макинтош, McEnroe Макенро, Jupiter Юпитер.

Some other English proper names of people and geographical names are rendered into Russian partly through transcription: Liverpool Ливерпуль, Valentine Валентайн.

Besides, the exactitude of conveying English proper names in Russian may be predetermined by some lingual and extralingual factors. The main of them are: absence in Russain of corresponding phonemes and orthographic means to substitute some particular English sounds\letter combinations or the established tradition according to which some names are translated. It can already be seen on the following examples: Thorne Торн, Faith Фейс, Galsworthy Голсуорси.

Among the names of kings, queens, tsars, etc. are also some which are transliterated in the target language. These are mostly peculiar national names with no corresponding equivalents in other languages: Prince Robert принц Роберт, Tsar Ivan царь Иван, Prince Mstyslav князь Мстислав.

Nicknames of people are almost always translated irrespective of the language they come from: King Charles the Great король Карл Великий, King Edward the Confessor король Едуард Исповедник, King Richard the Lionheart\Lionhearted король Ричард Львиное Сердце.

A few geographical names and some proper names of people have a traditionally established orthographical form which does not reflect in any way their pronunciation or their real orthographic form in the English language: the Artic Ocean Северный Ледовитый океан, New Orleans Новый Орлеан.

Foreign geographical names as well as many proper names of people are often reproduced in English not in the spelling form of the source language but in the traditionally established spelling form of the target language: Аахен (Germ. Aachen) Aix – la – Chapelle; Антверпен (Flemish Antwerpen) Antwerp; Варшава (Pol. Warszawa) Warsaw; Венеция (Ital. Venezia) Venice; Огненная Земля (Span.) Tierra del Fuego.

Russian geographical names should be translated into English as close to their source language form as possible unless other of their forms are historically or traditionally established: Симферополь\ Simferopol, Одесса\Odessa.

3. CHAPTER 3. TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN E. HEMINGWAY’S NOVEL “THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA”

A general survey of the nouns selected from the English text “The Old Man and the Sea”. Among the nouns that I selected from the English text there are names of concrete objects and abstract notions.

Now, I will show how the Russian translators E. Golysheva and B. Izakov translate nouns in the E. Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea”. In this short novel “The Old Man and the Sea” E. Hemingway writes: ''Yes,'' the boy said. ''Can I offer you a beer on the Terrace and then we'll take the stuff home.'' – E. Golysheva and B. Izakov translate: — Конечно. Хочешь, я угощу тебя пивом на Террасе? А потом мы отнесем домой снасти. The noun “stuff” has the meaning – вещи, вещество. The translators decided to use equivalent «снасти» because it sounds better.

My conclusion is that in the first place, sometimes the translators have practically the same translation, in the second place they use very different nouns, and in the third place, sometimes they use zero translation.

In the translation of Ernest Hemingway’s short novel “The Old Man and the Sea” we can admit four groups of nouns. The first group is just equivalents. The second group is without direct equivalents, when the translation is absent. The third group is the nouns which are close in meaning or Russian noun is narrower than the English noun. The fourth group includes descriptive translations.

The first group: Equivalent nouns in English and Russian.

Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.

Все у него было старое, кроме глаз, а глаза были цветом похожи на море, веселые глаза человека, который не сдается.

The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handlingheavy fish on the cords.

Пятна спускались по щекам до самой шеи, на руках виднелись глубокие шрамы, прорезанные бечевой, когда он вытаскивал крупную рыбу.

''It was papa made me leave. I am a boy and I must obey him.''

— Меня заставил отец, а я еще мальчик и должен слушаться.

He was too simple to wonder when he had attained humility.

Он был слишком простодушен, чтобы задуматься о том, когда пришло к нему смирение.

The second group: Absence of an equivalent word.

The successful fishermen of that day were already in and had butchered their marlin out and carried them laid full length across two planks, with two menstaggering at the end of each plank, to the fish housewhere they waited for the ice truck to carry them tothe market in Havana.

Те, кому в этот день повезло, уже вернулись с лова, выпотрошили своих марлинов и, взвалив их поперек двух досок, взявшись по двое за каждый конец доски, перетащили рыбу на рыбный склад, откуда ее должны были отвезти в рефрижераторе на рынок в Гавану.

Those who had caught sharks had taken them to the shark factory on the other side of the cove where they were hoisted on a block and tackle, their liversremoved, their fins cut off and their hides skinned outand their flesh cut into strips for salting.

Рыбаки, которым попались акулы, сдали их на завод по разделке акул на другой стороне бухты. Там туши подвесили на блоках, вынули из них печенку, вырезали плавники, содрали кожу и нарезали мясо тонкими пластинками для засола.

''I remember everything from when we first went together.''

— Я помню все с самого первого дня, когда ты взял меня в море.

''What do you have to eat?'' the boy asked.

— Что у тебя на ужин? — спросил мальчик.

The third group: Translation by means of semantically close words.

''Your stew is excellent,'' the old man said.— Вкусное мясо, — похвалил старик

''Black beans and rice, fried bananas, and some stew.''

— Черные бобы с рисом, жареные бананы и тушеную говядину.

The sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, itlooked like the flag of permanent defeat.

Парус был весь в заплатах из мешковины и, свернутый, напоминал знамя наголову разбитого полка.

“Santiago,'' the boy said to him as they climbed the bank from where the skiff was hauled up. ''I could go with you again.

— Сантьяго, — сказал ему мальчик, когда они вдвоем поднимались по дороге от берега, где стояла на причале лодка, — теперь я опять могу пойти с тобой в море.

''If you were my boy I'd take you out and gamble,'' he said. ''But you are your father's and your mother'sand you are in a lucky boat.''

— Если бы ты был моим сыном, я бы и сейчас рискнул взять тебя с собой. Но у тебя есть отец и мать и ты попал на счастливую лодку.

I want to be out before it is light.''

Выйду до рассвета.

''Anyone can be a fisherman in May.''

Каждый умеет рыбачить в мае.

He was asleep in a short time and he dreamed of Africa when he was a boy and the long golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes, and the high capes and the great brown mountains.

Уснул он быстро, и ему снилась Африка его юности, длинные золотистые ее берега и белые отмели — такие белые, что глазам больно, — высокие утесы и громадные бурые горы.

The old man went out the door and the boy came after him.

Старик вышел из дома, и мальчик последовал за ним.

It is a big school of dolphin, he thought.

«Там, видно, большая стая макрели, — подумал старик.

The fourth group: Descriptive translations.

He was holding his glass and thinking of many years ago.

Он смотрел на свой стакан с пивом и вспоминал давно минувшие дни.

''How old was I when you first took me in a boat?''

— Сколько мне было лет, когда ты первый раз взял меня в море?

''But I will see something that he cannot see such as a bird working and get him to come out after dolphin.''

— Но я уж высмотрю что-нибудь такое, чего он не сможет разглядеть, — ну хотя бы чаек. Тогда его можно будет уговорить отойти подальше за золотой макрелью.

Then we would have that for all of our lives.''

Было бы о чем вспоминать до самой смерти!

The old man knew he was going far out and he left the smell of the land behind and rowed out into the clean early morning smell of the ocean.

Старик заранее решил, что уйдет далеко от берега; он оставил позади себя запахи земли и греб прямо в свежее утреннее дыхание океана.

Maybe today.

Может, сегодня счастье мне улыбнется.

That makes no difference, he thought.

«Невелика беда, — подумал он.

We can admit that the translators used direct equivalents, the nouns which are close in meaning, or Russian noun which is narrower than the English noun, and sometimes the translation is absent.

CONCLUSION

In this research work I showed structural models of the noun and their equivalents in Russian language. In the first chapter I stated what the noun is, its morphological characteristics, syntactical characteristics, the morphological composition of nouns, classification of nouns, the category of number, the category of case, the category of gender.

In the second chapter I showed methods and ways of translating various proper names. I told how different kinds and types of English proper names should be translated into Russian.

In the third chapter I described the nouns in the translation of E. Hemingway’s novel “The Old Man and the Sea”. I can admit four groups of nouns. The first group is just equivalents. The second group is without direct equivalents when the translation is absent. The third group is the nouns which are close in meaning or Russian noun is narrower than the English noun. The fourth group includes descriptive translations.

The topic was chosen to learn to analyze different points of view on the problem and to carry out a research independently. This research can be used as a material to teach students, pupils in grammatical and semantical categories of English nouns. The theoretical significance of this paper is to help students, pupils in grammar, in practice of translation and in foreign literature. The practical significance of this research is to help in further activity of translation. The novelty of this work is different equivalents of the nouns. The method of this paper is to carry out the analysis of theoretical questions. The structure of this research is the investigation of grammatical and semantical categories. This work is provided with a lot of examples. In this research is gathered information about noun from many grammar books and comparative analysis of its Russian translations is given. We should pay attention to differences in translation of Russian languages.

LITERATURE

Monographs:

1.Барабаш Т.А. Пособие по грамматике английского языка. Москва, ЮНВЕС, 2000

2.Каушанская В.Л. и др. Грамматика английского языка. Ленинград, 1967.

3.Корунець I.В. Теорiя i практика перекладу Вiнниця, 2003.

4.Латышев Л.К. Курс перевода: Эквивалентность перевода и способы ее достижения. Москва, 1981.

5.Kachalova K.N., Israilevich E.E. English Grammar. Unves Moscow, 2000.

6.Murphy Raymond. Essential Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Dictionaries:

7.English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms. Edited by Rozenman A.I. and academician Apresyan Yu.D. Moscow, 2000.

8.The Oxford Russian Dictionary. Oxford New York. Oxford University Press.

Books:

9. Эрнест Хемингуэй «Старик и море». Азбука , 2005.

10.Ernest Hemingway “The Old Man and the Sea” The Reader’s Digest Association Limited, New York, USA, 1985.