Методические указания 2 курс 3 часть (ИСиП) 2025

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЛЕСНОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

И ОХРАНЫ ОБЪЕКТОВ ЖИВОТНОГО МИРА НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

Государственное бюджетное профессиональное

образовательное учреждение Нижегородской области

«КРАСНОБАКОВСКИЙ ЛЕСНОЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»

(ГБПОУ НО «КБЛК»)

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

по дисциплине «Иностранный язык

в профессиональной деятельности (Английский язык)»

для студентов II курса часть 3

Тема 6 Компьютеры и их функции

для специальности 09.02.07 Информационные системы и программирование

Составили:

преподаватели

иностранного языка

Воронина М.В.,

Булкина Т.А.

Красные Баки

2025 год

Lesson 1

Computer Literacy

№1. Write and learn the words:

computer literacy – компьютерная грамотность

computer-literate –имеющий навыки работы с компьютером

information-dependent society - информационно-зависимое общество

problem-solving devices – устройство, обеспечивающее решение задачи

basics – основы, основные понятия

to restate – пересмотреть, переосмыслить

application – применение

computing – вычисление, счёт, работа на компьютере

to possess skill – владеть мастерством, квалификацией

to embrace – охватывать, включать в себя, содержать

software tutorials – консультации, семинары по обучению

instant messaging – мгновенный обмен сообщениями

maintain a website – поддерживать, обслуживать сайт

blogging – виртуальное ведение дневника

podcasting – повсеместное широкоформатное вещание

photoshopping images – цифровое редактирование фотографий

shopping online – покупка товаров по компьютерной сети

online chat – электронный разговор в режиме реального времени

№2. Read and translate the text:

There is no doubt that people of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate. That means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They must understand that computers can greatly influence the quality of life.

There was a time when only privileged people had an opportunity to study the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetic. Now, as we are quickly becoming an information-dependent society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. It is well known that computers and their many applications as well as information systems are among the most significant technical achievements of our time. They bring with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetic, but also a new idea - computer literacy.

Computer literacy is the ability to use computers and related technology efficiently from elementary use to programming and solving of advanced problems.

Computer literacy is a very important skill to possess in developed countries. Employers want their workers to have basic computer skills because their company becomes more dependent on computers. Many companies try to employ computers and information technologies to improve business efficiency.

Computer literacy is important because most companies perform daily duties in an increasingly digitized manner. Employees that are able to master many computer programs are highly desired. To develop computer literacy or increase skill-sets, basic computer courses and software tutorials are organized.

As personal computers become commonplace and they become more powerful, the concept of computer literacy is moving beyond basic functionality to more powerful applications under the name of multimedia literacy or new literacies.

Commonly recognized examples of new literacies include such practices as instant messaging, blogging, maintaining a website, participating in online social networking spaces, podcasting and videocasting, photoshopping images and photo sharing, emailing, shopping online, taking part in online discussion, emailing and using online chat, processing online data, etc.

№3. Answer the questions:

1. What does "a computer-literate person" mean?

2. Are you sure that computers influence our life?

3. What do the people mean by "the basics"?

4. What is the role of computers and information systems in our society?

5. What is "computing'?

6. What is a program?

7. How do you understand the concept “computer-literacy”?

8. What skills must employees possess when looking for a job?

№4. Translate into English:

Информационно-зависимое общество; человек, обладающий компьютерной грамотностью; устройство, решающее повседневные проблемы; понимать, сознавать; влиять на качество жизни; иметь возможность, изучать основы; научиться работе на компьютере; наиболее значимые технические достижения; охватывать компьютерной грамотностью; писать программы; направлять работу компьютера; обрабатывать информацию; иметь много общего; система обработки данных.

№5. Write three forms of the verbs:

То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to do; to begin; to give; to make; to keep; to get; to read; to show.

№6. Write the sentences in the Past Perfect:

1. Many people have an opportunity to use computers.

2. There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly.

3. Instructions direct the operation of a computer.

4. Computers bring with them both economic and social changes.

5. Computing embraces not only arithmetic, but also computer literacy.

6. It is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests.

7. Those persons are computer literate and think of buying a new computer.

8. They receive a subscription magazine once a month.

9. My mother is ill and visits her doctor every other day.

10. Experts know much about how to prepare programs.

№7. Translate the words with their definitions:

literacy - the ability to read and write

skill - the ability to do an activity or job well, especially because you have pr actised it

information - facts about a situation, person, event, etc

tutorial - a set of instructions and exercises that teaches you how to use a computer program

user - someone who uses a product, machine, or service

computer -an electronic machine that can store and arrange large amounts of

device - a piece of equipment that is used for a particular purpose

online - connected to a system of computers, especially the Internet

website - an area on the Internet where information about a particular subject, organization, etc can be found

podcast - a recording that you can listen to on your computer or MP3 player from a website

№8. Complete this conversation with the words in the box. You do not need all the words: buy, cost, expensive, much, send

A: How much does the new laptop … ?

B: £449.

A: That’s very … . My new one was only £349. Are you going to … it?

B: I don’t know. Perhaps I need to … George an email and ask him. He’s an expert.

A: Good idea.

№9. Complete this email with am, is, are, their, our or my.

Dear Colleagues

My name … Jessica Martin and I … leader. The IT Support team members … the IT Support team James Parker, Ann Jo-hansson and Guido Pitteri. James … our network administrator.

Ann and Guido … system maintenance officers. … job is to keep our systems going. … job is to support you. … contact number (9) 675 567 567.

Best regards

Jessica Martin

Lesson 2

Present Progressive Tense

№1. Study the material:

Present Progressive - настоящее длительное время. Обозначает действие, которое происходит прямо сейчас.

Указатели времени:

at this moment – в этот момент, now - сейчас

Вспомогательные глаголы:

am ( I ), is (he, she, it), are (we, you, they)

Правила образования глагола с окончанием -ing:

1. К инфинитиву добавляется окончание «-ing», например: to work — working

2. Если инфинитив заканчивается на непроизносимую гласную e, то она опускается, например: to write — writing

3. Если инфинитив заканчивается на y, то буква остается без изменений, например: to play — playing

4. Если инфинитив заканчивается на буквы ie, то они меняются на букву y, например: to lie — lying, to die — dying.

5. Удвоение конечной согласной происходит, если слово оканчивается на согласную букву, перед которой есть ударный гласный звук, например: to put — putting, to swim — swimming

При добавлении -ing удвоение согласных не происходит, если ударение стоит не на предстоящем гласном звуке, или предстоящий – это долгий гласный звук (диграф):

open – opening, remember – remembering, feel – feeling

Конечная буква «x» не удваивается, потому что эта буква передает сразу два звука [ks] или [gz]. Также не удваивается конечная буква «w»: relax – relaxing, snow – snowing,

6. Если слово заканчивающимся на «-r» и имеет последний ударный слог, удвоенная последняя согласная также необходима. Исключение — наличие дифтонгов (сочетание двух гласных звуков в одном слоге): to star – starring; to tear – tearing.

7. Когда глагол заканчивается на l (в британском английском правилу подчиняются любые глаголы, заканчивающиеся на l; в американском — только те, в которых ударение падает на последний слог). Например: to travel — travelling, to rebel — rebelling, to compel — compelling

8. Если инфинитив заканчивается на -ic, то перед -ing окончанием добавляется k, например, to mimic — mimicking (имитировать), to traffic — trafficking (торговать).

Глаголы, которые не употребляются в Present Progressive: они отражают чувства и состояния, а не физические действия:

1. глаголы умственной деятельности (mental state): to know, to understand, to recognize, to believe, to suppose, to think, to imagine, to doubt, to remember, to forget, to want, to need, to desire, to mean, to consider, to expect

2. глаголы эмоционального состояния (emotional state): to love, to like, to appreciate, to please, to prefer, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to care, to amaze, to surprise, to adore, to care for, to detest, to hate, to respect

3. глаголы принадлежности/обладания (possession): to possess, to have, to own, to belong, to include, to lack

4. глаголы чувственного восприятия (sense perceptions): to taste, to smell, to hear, to feel, to see

5. другие: to seem, to look, to appear, to sound, to resemble, to cost, to owe, to weigh, to equal, to be, to exist, to matter, to consist of, to contain, to fit

Положительное предложение I V4(ing) am 3 л., ед.ч. V4(ing) is мн.ч. V4(ing) are	Отрицательное предложение V4 am not 3 л., ед.ч. V4 is not мн.ч. V4 are not
Общий вопрос V4 Am ? 3л. ед.ч. V4 Is ? мн.ч. V4 Are ?	Специальный вопрос I V4 Wh. am ? 3л. ед.ч. V4 Wh. is ? мн.ч. V4 Wh. are ?

№2. Add –ing to the verbs and translate them.

read, write, take, sit, play, look, swim, jump, run, go, do, buy, help, eat, clean, make, speak, sleep, listen, talk, fly, lie, die, come, shop, live, sing, dance, work, have, cry, put, use, stop, drive, win.

№3. Write the sentences in Present Progressive:

1) Ron and Michael (to sit) at the table and (to do) their homework.

2) Carol is busy. She (to type) a letter at the moment.

3) Look! Marta (to play) with other children in her room.

4) Both my friend and I (to work) today.

5) My parents (to watch) anything on TV right now.

№4. Make negative and interrogative sentences in Present Progressive:

1) I am repairing the computer at this moment.

2) They are participating in online social networking spaces.

3) I am taking part in online discussion at this moment.

4) Peter is playing computer games now.

5) I and Nick are creating applications now.

№5. Make general and special questions in Present Progressive:

1) Andy is sending e-mail now.

2) Carol and Mark are using a computer system.

3) I am photoshopping images now.

4) They are recording their speech using a microphone.

5) Jane is downloading the files in her Yandex-disk.

№6. Complete the sentences using the table:

1) Mrs Davis ______ swimming in the sea.

2) Kim ______ writing a book.

3) Mandy and Sarah ______ eating an ice-cream.

4) Tom and Paul ______ playing sand ball with Fred.

5) Sarah ______ reading a book.

6) Julie and Sam ______ playing in the sand.

7) Mandy ______ lying in the sun but ______ reading a book.

8) Fred and Daisy ______ throwing a ball to Travis.

9) Joe ______ climbing a tree.

10) Sarah and Charlotte ______ sitting on a towel but ______ eating chocolate.

ACTIONS	NAMES
read a book	Charlotte
swim in the sea	Mr and Mrs Davis
play in the sand	Julie and Sam
climb a tree	Joe
write a letter	Kim
lie in the sun	Mandy
sit on a towel	Sarah and Charlotte
throw a ball	Travis, Fred and Daisy
play sand ball	Tom, Paul and Greg
eat an ice-cream	Mandy and Sarah

№7. Answer the questions using the words given in brackets:

Model: - What are the girls doing? (to have lunch)

- They are having lunch.

1) What’s the cook doing? (to fry some potatoes).

2) What are the girls doing now? (to discuss the menu)

3) What’s the woman doing? (to eat Aunt Mary’s apple pie)

4) What are those people doing? (to have coffee)

5) What’s the cook doing now? (to finish his work).

№8. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them into Russian:

Example: to develop + -ment = development (развитие, разработка)

to depend + -ence = dependence ( зависимость)

to describe + -tion= description ( описание)

to use + -age = usage ( использование)

-ment: to move, to advance, to improve, to manage, to achieve;

-ance/ence: to perform, to differ, to exist, to refer;

-ion/sion/tion: to produce, to consider, to construct, to operate;

-age: to store.

Lesson 3

Personal computer

№1. Write and translate:

monitor – a piece of computer equipment with a screen that shows information or pictures.

keyboard – a set of keys on a computer which you press to produce letters, numbers, etc.

mouse – a small object connected to a computer, that you move with your hand and press to make the computer do things.

system unit – the case that contains the CPU, memory, the power supply, disk drives, and all other hardware -such as a modem – that are in an internal format.

CPU (Central processing Unit) – the part of a computer that controls what it does.

speakers – the part of a computer, CD player, etc which the sound comes out of.

printer – a machine that is connected to a computer and that produces writing or images on paper.

scanner – a piece of equipment that copies words or pictures from paper into a computer.

headphones – a piece of equipment that you wear over your ears so that you can listen to music without anyone else hearing it.

webcam – a camera that records moving pictures and sound and allows these to be shown on the Internet as they happen.

№2. Read and translate texts:

The computer is an electronic instrument, intended for automation, creation, storage, processing and transportation of the data. With appearance of the computer it began possible to operate inconceivable earlier with information contents. The libraries containing scientific and artistic literatures were translated into the electronic form. Old photos and film-archives find a new life.

Monitor is the device of a visual data representation. This is main output device. Key parameters of the screen monitor are size, frequency of upgrade (regeneration) maps, and a class of protection. The monitor has a screen that displays information, such as instructions you send to your computer and the information and results your computer sends back after interpreting your instructions. The screen may display information in one color or in several colors. A video card fits inside your computer and determines the screen resolution and number of colors your monitor can display. Some video cards enable your monitor to display graphical information, such as geometric designs, in addition to text and numbers.

The keyboard is the key control unit of the PC. You usе the keyboard to type instructions for your computer, and to type information you want your computer to process. All keyboards have letter keys, punctuation keys, and a spacebar. Most keyboards also have function, numeric, and arrow keys, in addition to ALT, CTRL, DEL, and ENTER keys.

Because the number keys are grouped together on the numeric keypad, the keypad is a quick and easy way to type numbers. With many software products, you must press the NUM LOCK key before using the numeric keypad to type numbers. The NUM LOCK key works somewhat like the CAPS LOCK key.

In most cases, the arrow keys help you move around the screen. On standard keyboards, the arrow keys are on the numeric keypad, along with the numbers. To use these keys properly, the NUM LOCK key must not be active. If NUM LOCK is active, you will type a number instead of changing your position on the screen when you use an arrow key.

Function keys send instructions to the software you are using. By pressing a function key, you may be able to get Help information on your screen. Like other keys, what a function key does depends on the software you are using. The function keys are located across the top on extended keyboards.

In addition to the standard numeric, arrow, and function keys, extended keyboard include BACKSPACE, INS, DEL, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, HOME and END keys. Typically, you can use the PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, HOME and END keys to move around or scroll through information on your screen, and you can use the BACKSPACE, INS, and DEL keys to edit text.

Located on the back or front of the system unit are sockets called ports. You use ports to plug in your keyboard, monitor, and any additional hardware, such as a printer or mouse that you want to add to your system.

№3. Answer the questions:

1) What is purpose of a computer?

2) May the screen display information in one color or in several colors?

3) What is the main function of a monitor?

4) What do you use the keyboard for?

5) What keys has a keyboard?

6) Where function keys are located on the keyboards?

7) Where are arrow keys located on keyboard?

8) Why do you need ports?

№4. Find in the text and write 5 uncountable nouns and 5 countable in plural (write them: cats-cat) and translate them.

№5. Translate functions of the keys in English:

BKSP = BACK SPACE - стирание символа, находящегося слева от курсора.

BREAK - эта клавиша позволяет прервать работу программы.

CAPSLOCK = CAPITALS LOCK - клавиша фиксации (отпирания) режим печати заглавных букв на дисплее.

DEL = DELETE - применяется, чтобы стереть символ, на который указывает курсор.

ENTER - нажимается для ввода в компьютер строки или команды MS-DOS, набранной на клавиатуре.

ESC = ESCAPE - используется для того, чтобы выйти из текущего режима.

HOME - эта клавиша позволяет вернуть курсор в начало строки.

INS = INSERT - эта клавиша включает и выключает режим вставки на экране дисплея.

NUMLOCK =NUMBER LOCK - клавиша фиксации (отпирания) цифр и перевод дополнительной (малой) клавиатуры в режим управления курсором.

PGDN = PAGE DOWN - «прокрутка» изображаемого текста на один «экран» вниз.

PGUP = PAGE UP - «прокрутка» изображаемого текста на один «экран» вверх.

SHIFT - дает возможность «сдвинуть» клавиатуру на верхний регистр для печати отдельных заглавных букв и символов на дисплее.

END - конец, окончание, используется для перевода курсора в конец строки.

TAB = TABULATION – табулирование, составление таблиц; используется для перевода курсора на определенное количество позиций для построения таблиц.

CTRL = CONTROL - изменение значения последующих клавиш.

PAUSE - приостановка работы программы.

ALT = ALTERNETIVE - введение других (альтернативных) символов.

PTRSCR =- PRINT SCREEN - печатает на принтере изображения с экрана дисплея.

№6. Put the key names in the table according to their form:

TAB, BKSP, ENTER, CTRL, SHIFT, CAPSLOCK, ALT, HOME, PGUP, DEL, END, PGDN, BREAK, INS, PAUSE, PRTSCR, ESC, NUMLOCK

Separate words			Word-combinations
Abbreviations	Full names	Abbreviations		Full names

№7. Translate the names of the keys on the keyboard:

Letter keys, punctuation keys, function keys, numeric keys, arrow keys

№8. Translate “Computer rules” into English:

• Помещение, где расположен компьютер, должно быть хорошо освещено. Освещение не должно светить в глаза и оставлять блики на рабочем мониторе. 

• Экран монитора должен быть абсолютно чистым. Протирайте экран монитора специальными салфетками минимум раз в неделю.

• Экран монитора должен быть удален от глаз минимум на 50-60 сантиметров (расстояние вытянутой руки).

• Во время работы нужно сидеть прямо напротив экрана, так, чтобы верхняя часть экрана находилась на уровне глаз. Нельзя работать за компьютером лёжа, во время еды, а также сидеть ссутулившись.

• Необходимо удобное рабочее кресло, которое позволит без усилий сохранять правильную позу за компьютером.

• Время от времени необходимо переводить взгляд на посторонние предметы, находящиеся в комнате, а через каждые полчаса делать перерыв на 10–15 минут. Во время перерыва рекомендуется делать гимнастику для глаз.

Lesson 4

Past Progressive Tense

№1. Study the material:

Past Progressive Tense - прошедшее длительное время. Обозначает действие, которое происходило в определённый момент в прошлом

Указатели времени: at that time yesterday – в тот момент вчера; at 5 o’clock – в 5 часов; when he came – когда он пришёл

Вспомогательные глаголы: was (ед. ч.), were (мн. ч.)

Положительное предложение ед.ч. V4(ing) was мн.ч. V4(ing) were	Отрицательное предложение ед.ч. V4 was not мн.ч. V4 were not
Общий вопрос ед.ч. V4 Was ? мн.ч. V4 Were ?	Специальный вопрос ед.ч. V4 Wh. was ? мн.ч. V4 Wh. were ?
Альтернативный вопрос ед.ч. ед.ч V4 Was or ? мн.ч. мн.ч. V4 Were or ?	Разделительный вопрос ед.ч. V4(ing) pronoun was , was not ? мн.ч. V4(ing) pronoun were , were not ?

Examples:

Henry was working with computer at that time yesterday.

Henry was not working with computer at that time yesterday.

Was Henry working with computer at that time yesterday?

Who was working with computer at that time yesterday?

Was Henry or Sophie working with computer at that time yesterday?

Henry was working with computer at that time yesterday, was not he?

№2. Continue the sentences using the words:

read the instructions; record the song; download the file; listen the music;

send e-mail, use a scanner

1. At 9 o’clock I was reading the instructions.

2. At 9.30 they …

3. At 11 a.m he …

4. At 1 p.m we …

5. At 3 p.m you …

6. At 5 p.m she …

№3. Open the brackets using Present or Past Progressive:

1. I … (to write) an English instruction now. I … (to write) an English instruction at that time yesterday.

2. My little sister … (to use) a computer now. My little sister … (to use) a computer at that time yesterday.

3. My friends … (not to create) their project now. They … (to play) computer game when I came.

4. My friends … (not to take part) a seminar at nine o’clock yesterday. They …(to type) a text now.

5. What … you … (to do) now? — I … (to download) the file.

6. … you … (to download) the file at that time yesterday? — No, I … (not to download) the file at this time yesterday, I … (to create) a program.

№4. Make up the sentences using Past Progressive:

1. I/to go home/at 4 o’clock yesterday.

2. We/to play computer games/at 6 o’clock last Sunday.

3. She/to talk with her friend/for forty minutes yesterday.

4. You/to send e-mail/in the afternoon yesterday.

5. Nick/to record the song/all the evening.

6. Sheila and Dora/to wait for a bus/for half an hour.

7. They/to prepare for the party/all day yesterday.

8. I/to learn the poem/for an hour.

9. Dick/to paint the walls in his room/from 2 to 6 o’clock last Wednesday.

10.  Eve and Tony/to skate/all day last Saturday.

№5. Make negative sentences:

1.  The teacher was explaining the exercise to the pupils.

2.  Amanda was travelling around Africa at that time.

3.  We were having a Music lesson at ten o’clock yesterday.

4.  I was doing the shopping yesterday.

5.  Martin was visiting his aunt at this time yesterday.

6.  The girls were preparing for the concert.

7. They were flying to Wales at 6 o’clock yesterday.

8. It was raining hard all day last Tuesday.

9.  Mike and Jess were walking in the park last evening.

10.  He was choosing the books in the library then.

№6. Make general and special questions:

1.  We were having lunch in the canteen.

2.  She was singing a lovely song.

3.  You were speaking to your boss.

4. George was sitting in the armchair by the fireplace.

5.  Jane and Margaret were going to the airport.

№7. Make alternative and Tag questions:

1. The baby was crying.

2. It was getting dark.

3. We were waiting for my cousin.

4. The woman was watching the children on the playground.

5. The tourists were taking photos in front of the palace.

№8. The Andersons had a very busy day yesterday. Look at the schedule below and then complete the sentences:

Time	Mr. Anderson	Mrs. Anderson
7:00 – 7:15	showered	got ready for work
7:15 – 7:20	made breakfast for kids
8:00 – 8:30	ate breakfast	ate breakfast at work
9:00 – 12:00	wrote emails	taught history class
12:00 – 1:00	ate lunch in a restaurant	ate lunch at work
1:00 – 2:00	met with boss	taught math class
2:00 – 3:00	met with sales manager	met with principal
3:00 – 4:00	wrote reports	exercised at gym
4:00 – 5:00	picked up kids	bought groceries
5:30 – 6:00	took kids to tennis	made dinner
6:30 – 7:00	ate dinner	ate dinner
7:00 – 9:00	cleaned apartment	cleaned apartment
9:00 – 11:00	watched a movie	watched a movie
11:00	fell asleep	fell asleep

1. At 7:10 Mr. Anderson was taking a shower.

2. At 7:15 Mrs. Anderson … .

3. At 8:15 Mr. and Mrs. Anderson … .

4. At 10:00 Mr. Anderson … .

5. At 11:00 Mrs. Anderson … .

6. At 12:30 Mr. Anderson … and Mrs. Anderson … .

7. At 1:30 Mrs. Anderson … .

8. At 3:30 Mrs. Anderson ….

9. At 4:30 Mr. Anderson … and Mrs. Anderson …. .

10. At 8:00 Mr. and Mrs. Anderson ….

11. At 12:30 am Mr. and Mrs. Anderson … .

№9. Write down the -ing form of the following words and translate them:

live, run, give, swim, lie, sit, travel, create, listen, download

Lesson 5

History of Computers

№1. Write and translate the words:

to calculate ten-toothed gear wheels a chip

an abacus to aim guns rectangular

a bead frame responsible a layer

to devise to figure out attached

a slide rule a generation to encapsulate

to reduce a predecessor dependable

№2. Read and translate the text History of Computers:

Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16^th century, it is being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm which all mathematicians used today.

Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a ten-toothed gear wheels.

In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called ‘The Analytical Engine’. This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, expert for providing the machine with the necessary facts the problem to be sowed. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

In 1930, the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long of mathematical problems all at a very fast speed.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mayshly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. UNIAC I was an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second.

In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers.

The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times faster than the first generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.

Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are attached or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic metal. Fourth generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions per second.

№3. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What was the very first calculating device?

2. What is abacus? When did people begin to use them?

3. When did a lot of people try to find easy ways of calculating?

4. Who used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm?

5. What was invented by Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz?

6. What did Charles Babbage design?

7. When was the first analog computer built? How did people use it?

8. Who built the first digital computer?

9. How did the first generation of computers work?

10. What are the differences between the first and the second computer generations?

11. When did the third-generation computers appear?

№4. Translate from English into Russian:

1. the very first calculating device 7. first digital computer

2. to count in tens 8. to figure out

3. to multiply of tens 9. ten times faster

4. without knowing 10. extra speed

5. to be independently invented 11. tiny integrated circuits

6. to save a great deal of time 12. keeping instruction

№5. Translate from Russian into English:

1. знать сегодня 7. попытка

2. 10 пальцев руки человека 8. аналоговый компьютер

3. кости на счетах двигают слева на право 9. скорость

4. продолжать использовать 10. вакуумные лампы (трубки)

5. счеты 11. транзистор

6. настоящая счетно- 12. интегрированные схемы

вычислительная машина

№6. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:

simple, to carry out, up to date, quick, to try, small

№7. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:

like, short, to increase, sole, dependently

№8. Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list below to complete the meaning of the sentence: chip, speed, figure out, calculating, reduces, microminiturization, analog, logarithm, abacus, machine, vacuum tubes, tiny, dependable, devised

1. The very first ..... device used was 10 fingers of a man’s hand.

2. Then, the ..... was invented.

3. J. Napier ..... a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.

4. Henry Briggs used J.Napier’s ideas to produce ..... .

5. The first real calculating ..... appeared in 1820.

6. This type of machine ..... the possibility of making mistakes.

7. In 1930 the first ..... computer was built.

8. This was the first machine that could ..... ..... mathematical problems at a very fast speed.

9. In 1946 was built the first digital computer using parts called .... .

10. The reason for this extra ..... was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

11. The second generation computers were smaller, faster and more ..... than first-generation computers.

12. The third-generation computers are controlled by ..... integrated circuits.

13. This is due to ....., which means that the circuits are much smaller than before.

14. A ..... is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch.

№9. Fill in the preposition:

1. Let us take a look ..... the history of computers.

2. That is why we count ..... tens and multiply ..... tens.

3. The beads are moved ..... left ..... right.

4. Abacus is still being used ..... some parts ..... the world.

5. Calculus was independently invented ..... both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz.

6. This type of machine depends ..... a ten-toothed gear wheels.

7. «The Analytical Engine» was shown ..... the Paris Exhibition ..... 1855.

8. The men responsible ..... this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people ..... IBM.

9. The first generation of computers came ..... in 1950.

10. Due to microminiturization 1000 tiny circuits fit ..... a single chip.

Lesson 6

Passive Voice

№1. Study the material:

В английском языке существует два залога — активный (active voice) и пассивный или страдательный (passive voice).

Если подлежащее само выполняет действие, мы относим его к активному залогу. Но если подлежащее не выполняет действие, оно испытывает воздействие со стороны другого лица или предмета – это действие страдательного залога.

Для образования форм страдательного залога используется глагол to be + participle II (третья форма глагола). «To be» - меняет свою форму в зависимости от времени, лица и числа подлежащего, а причастие всегда остается неизменным.

В отрицательных предложениях частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола, а если их несколько, то после первого из них.

В вопросительных предложениях вспомогательный глагол (или первый из них) выносится на место перед подлежащим.

Если нужно уточнить, кем совершается действие, то после глагола добавляется предлог by (I was invited by a friend). Косвенными признаками страдательного залога являются местоимения в косвенном падеже. Если нужно уточнить, каким предметом совершается действие - используется предлог with.

В страдательном залоге не употребляются следующие глаголы:

1. Непереходные глаголы, т.к. при них нет объекта, который испытывал бы какое-то воздействие (напр. live, work, arrive)

2.  Глаголы-связки be (быть), become (становиться)

3. Глагол have

№2. Write the past participle of the following verbs:

say, know, tell, write, complete, build, sit, whitewash, lay, speak, use, answer, place, follow, construct, translate, buy, decorate, found, find, send, develop, listen

№3. Make passive sentences in the present simple:

1. (the room/sweep/twice a day)

2. (this shop/open/before 8:00)

3. (nice cars/produce/in Germany)

4. (more trees/cut down/day by day)

5. (some animals/kill/in jungles)

6. (big ships/make/in Tuzla)

7. (milk/bring/to our house/every day)

8. (new projects/make/in the company)

9. (mobile phones/produce/in China)

10. (pretty sandals/sell/here)

11. (newpaper/find/in this shop)

№4. Make passive sentences in the past simple:

1. (this song/sing/everywhere/in 1970)

2. (flowers/plant/in this area)

3. (strawberry/grow/in this town)

4. (telephone/invent/in England)

5. (my car/produce/in 2008)

6. (the forest/burn down/in 1986)

7. (this school/build/a decade ago)

8. (your computer/infect/by a virus)

9. (his television/fix/last weekend)

10. (the apples/harvest/before Friday)

11. (my clothes/wash/last night)

№5. Fill in the blanks with am, is, are or was, were:

1. Good news …. heard by everybody in the house yesterday.

2. The chicken ... nicely cooked and all the guests thought it ………… wonderful.

3. Four people ……………. killed by an angry neighbour in a pub last summer.

4. Her bed …………… usually made by her mother. She doesn’t do it herself.

5. Our dogs …………. fed by my elder brother every morning.

№6. Make these sentences active:

1. All the dishes were washed by my mother last night.

2. Nice clothes are produced in Turkey by some factories.

3. The suspects were seen by a group of boys near the bus

4. The house is cleaned by the maid every Saturday.

5. The house was demolished by the hurricane last night.

6. History books are read by the students in this class.

7. A nice dinner was prepared by the cook yesterday.

№7. Make these sentences passive:

1. Mike brushes his shoes before school.

2. Claire knits nice jumpers for the kids.

3. Hans tidied his room last Wednesday.

4. Terry bought a new house in London.

5. Kelly doesn’t speak English after school.

6. Meg drives her car slowly and carefully.

7. Pam read an adventure book last week.

8. Joseph answered the question correctly.

9. David doesn’t know the way to harbour.

№8. Change the following questions from active into passive:

1. Did the driver hit the boy yesterday?

2. Will the police question all the suspects?

3. Have you signed the house contract?

4. Do people speak English in Spain?

5. Who broke the vase in the sitting room?

6. Are you roasting chestnuts now?

7. Can you reach the top of this mountain?

8. Was Jim playing the piano very loudly?

№9. Translate into English using Passive Voice:

1. Им задали три трудных вопроса вчера на уроке.

2. Нам всем дают билеты на выставку каждый год.

3. Эти журналы должны быть возвращены в библиотеку на следующей неделе.

4. Ее отправили в больницу два дня назад.

5. Все ваши сочинения будут возвращены на будущей неделе.