Причастие. Независимый причастый оборот в начале предложения.
Example. Steel being one of the strongest metals, we use it for products where great strength is required. – Так как сталь является одним из самых прочных металлов, мы используем её для производства изделий, которые требуют большую прочность.
The potential difference having been measured, the students compared the results. – После того, как измерили разность потенциалов, студенты сравнили результаты.
Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Alloy steels being wider used in industry, manufactories methods are changed.
2. The metal being poured at an extremely high temperature, the sand used for making moulds for steel castings should be refractory.
3. Data having been entered correctly into the computer component of a data processing system, the need for further manipulations by humans is eliminated.
4. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM).
5. An electron leaving the surface, the metal becomes positively charged.
6. Steel being a very strong material, we find wide application of it in engineering.
7. The young physicist having discovered a mistake in calculations, scientists confirmed and corrected it.
8. The distance between shafts being limited, multidisc clutches are used.
9. The first TV-sets having been shown in 1939, the news about it spread throughout the world.
10. There being no other traffic on the road, the driver can maintain a constant high speed.
11. The temperature being raised, the kinetic energy is increased.
12. A gas being heated at constant pressure, work is done by the gas while expanding.
13. The fluid increasing in temperature, its density decrease.
14. The plant having offered new high tech micromotors, the modern small-sized appliances appeared at the market for selling.
15. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are based on combination of bits.
16. Concrete being a universally used material, its new kinds are being constantly produced.
17. An electric current passing through a conductor, we generally detect its presence thanks to its various effects.
18. The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low of the constant voltage.
19. The molecules or atoms of gas being ionized, an electric current passes through that gas.
20. The article being ready, I shall show it to my supervisor.
21. The flow of the current being reduced, the speed of the motor is correspondingly decreased.
22. Primary storage having similarity to a function of the human brain, the storage is also called memory.
23. The construction of some new clutches having been completed, we ordered some of them.
24. A beam of light being transmitted forwards, it is possible to measure the distance between the car and the other cars in front of it.
25. The distance having been measured, the computer adjusts the car’s speed.
26. A gas cooling down, the average speed of its molecules decreases.
27. The professor being ill, the lecture was put off.
28. Jablochkov's candle having given the first and the most decisive stimulus to the development of a.c. systems, a number of plants began to turn out generators producing the alternating current.
29. A magnet being broken into two parts, we get two new smaller magnets.
30. Radiowave impulses being transmitted and received by radars, the operators can easily detect the location and velocity of planes in the sky.
31. Computer system architecture being organized around the primary storage unit, all instructions must pass through it.
32. The problem being easy, the students solved it at once.
33. Scientists having devised fast-acting computing machines, calculations of most complicated problems are now done very quickly.
34. Space flights requiring complicated calculations, computing machines are used for the purpose.
35. First computers being rather crude and imperfect, scientists went on perfecting them.
36. The test completed, the experimentators put down the results.
37. An alternating current flowing through a conductor, its direction reverses at regular intervals.
38. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up around that conductor.
39. There being a lot of spare components at the workshop station, we could fit our car.
40. Computing machines being used for many purposes, scientists go on improving their characteristics.
41. Quantitative analysis originated, the attention of chemists turned to it at once.
42. Numerous calculations and trials having been carried out at the research institute, it become possible to put in life the fifth generation airplanes.
43. With his numerous experiments being over, Newton was able to write his work very quickly.
44. Instructions being obtained, the control unit causes other units to perform the necessary operations.
45. The validity of the new method proved, it was commonly accepted.
46. Lomonosov’s definition of the term “metal” being true, there is another important feature besides the ability to be forged, namely, electrical conductivity.
47. The temperature being raised, electrical conductivity decreases.
48. With the first steam engine built in the 17th century, people began to use them in factories.
49. With the current being switched on, the machine automatically starts operating.
50. The elements having unknown properties, experiments with them are impossible.
51. A certain amount of second metal being added to a pure metal, the resulting alloy is called a binary alloy.
Причастие. Независимый причастный оборот в конце предложения.
Example. Alloying elements for making steel are nickel, chromium, manganese, nickel increasing strength and hardness of the steel. – Сплавляемыми элементами производства стали являются никель, хром, магнезий и другие, причем никель увеличивает прочность и твердость стали.
Task. Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. Steel and cast iron differ in carbon content, the carbon content of steel being little, while that of cast iron is much greater.
2. The bulk of the combustible substances in these fuels are carbon, hydrogen, and various compounds of carbon and hydrogen, the principal products of the combustion being CO2 and H2O.
3. The CPU controls the operations of the entire system, commands being issued to other parts of the system.
4. If the metal is worked at room temperature (or below for some metals), the original grains are severely deformed, the process being called cold working.
5. Metals are excellent conductors, the best conductors of electricity being also the best conductors of heat.
6. The warm air rises, cooler air flowing around the lower part of the stove and warmer air going upward the ceiling.
7. Lasers produce intense, directional, pure in colour, light beams, the latter being focused by the lens system.
8. When a liquid boils evaporation takes place, small bubbles of vapour forming within the liquid.
9. The first question to be asked about any reactor is just how neutrons are deposed off, the object of every reactor designer being to make them stop operating safely.
10. Electromechanical memories depend upon moving mechanical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of electronic memories.
11. The inventor was demonstrating his new device, with the workers watching its operation attentively.
12. Most electricity we receive from electric power plants, portable generators running on petrol being in use as well.
13. The atoms form combinations known as molecules, a molecule being defined as the smallest part of a substance.
14. Different molecules have different speeds, the average speed of all molecules remaining the same as long as the temperature is constant.
15. The direction of vectors can be represented by arrows, the length of the arrows indicating their magnitude.
16. The term “speed” means the rate of motion, the term “velocity” meaning the speed in a definite direction.
17. People began to use the first steam engines many years ago, the above engines having been built in the 17th century.
18. Engineers use computers widely, the latter assisting in making calculations at a great speed.
19. Two metallurgists produced a new superplastic metal, the new steel showing properties identical to Damascus steel.
20. Rockets move in a straight line in outer space, there being no air friction there.
21. Early in the 19th century Dalton advanced his atomic theory, the emphasis on the weight of the atoms being his great contribution to the science of the period.
22. Recent research work on the blast furnace has been concentrated mainly on the study of the flow of the gases up the shaft and the flow of the solid materials down the shaft, the aim being to achieve uniformity in both cases.
23. The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location.
24. Conduction of heat is the flow of heat through an unequally heated body from places of higher to places of lower temperature, the latter being raised as the heat passes through them.
25. The molecules always collide and change direction, the speed of the molecular motion greatly depending on the temperature.
26. The earth revolves around the sun, the sun moving relative to the stars.
27. Metals are the best conductors of electricity, non-metals being rather poor ones.
28. Many scientists have tried to cool some gas to the absolute zero, their attempts coming to nothing.
29. The inventor demonstrated his new device, the students watching its operation very attentively.
30. The famous English architect Anthony Panizzi designed the Reading Room of the British Museum in London, the Reading Room being a perfect circle.
31. For this reason most computer systems use electronic memory for primary storage, electromechanical memory being used for secondary storage.
32. Some allying elements make steel rust-resistant, such steel being called stainless steels.
33. A radio transmitter and a radio receiver are not connected by electrical wires, radio waves travelling.
34. Two insulated conductors were placed side-by-side to form the test specimen, the thickness of paper insulation between the conductors being 1.0 mm.
35. Germanium was predicted by Mendeleev, the German scientist Ninkler discovering it seventeen years later.
36. In transistor there are two circuits, one of which contains the emitter and the base, the other containing the collector and the base.
37. To generate a current by magnetic action, a wire is made to pass through a magnetic field, the latter being set up either by a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.
38. Large capacity tape devices are used with large data processing systems, cassettes and cartridges being applied with small systems.
39. Working at his new device, the inventor made a number of improvements, the latter resulting from his own experiments.
40. Many electronic devices are constructed on the basis of transistors, the multifunctional printed circuit boards (PCB), so called chips, have been developed and being widely used.
41. We are quite familiar with two properties of an electric current-resistance and self-inductance, the latter properly having been discovered by Faraday.
42. The results of arithmetic operations are returned to the accumulator, the storage register transferring them to main memory.
43. In radio engineering work it is common to use the term megohm instead of large figures amounting to millions of ohms, the prefix "mega" standing for a million.
44. The electric current is the flow of electrons through a metal conductor, these electrons flowing along a wire just like water runs through a pipe.
45. The unfamiliar at that time substance exposing its magnetic properties was called Magnus after its discoverer, this name having come down to us as "Magnet".
46. Free carbon in pig iron consists of graphite flakes dispersed throughout the mass of the metal, each flake being a source of weakness.
47. The elements having unknown properties, experiments with them are impossible.
48. Heat-resistant steel is made by adding some tungsten and molybdenum, manganese increasing the wear resistance.
49. A processing engineer should know the properties of various kinds of steel, there being a considerable difference between the steels used for different purposes.
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