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Bronze and brass, the first alloys in the history of metallurgy, were probably obtained by man accidentally when melting mixed metal ores. Much later alloys of iron were obtained.

Steel was made in small quantities in early times un­til the mid-19th century when it was manufactured on a large scale in the iron and steel industry.

The commercial production of pure aluminium in about 1890 began a new range of alloys and among them duralumin, an alloy of about 94 per cent aluminium, with small quantities of copper, manganese, magnesium, and silicon. Most of aluminium alloys are both light and strong.

Nickel is often mixed with other metals for special purposes: permalloy is a nickel-iron alloy that is mag­netically soft. The polarity of its magnetic field can be easily changed and it is used for transformer cores. Monel metals contain about two parts nickel to one part cop­per, plus other elements. They are stronger than nickel and extremely corrosion-resistant. These properties make them useful in chemical production.

Electrum is a natural or artificial alloy of gold and silver containing 15-45 per cent of silver. It was used in the ancient world for coinage.

Bismuth is frequently used as a part of alloys with low melting-points. Today alloys can be designed for particu­lar applications with certain properties.

Exercise 1.

Fill the gaps with suitable words.

1. Some … are mined in the native state.

2. Most of the metals, however, are found in the earth in … form

3. The more common … in iron ore are silica, titanium, and phosphorus.

4. Bronze and brass, the first …. in the history of metallurgy, were probably obtained by man accidentally when melting mixed metal ores.

5. Most of … alloys are both light and strong.

6. … is a natural or artificial alloy of gold and silver containing 15-45 per cent of silver.

Exercise 2.

Match the halves right.

Exercise 3

Agree or disagree with the statements.

1. All metals are mined in the native state.

2. Most of the metals are found in the earth in oxide form.

3. The more common impurities in iron ore are silica, titanium, and phosphorus, and they are very useful.

4. Bronze and brass were the first alloys in the history of metallurgy.

5. Steel was produced in great amounts from the very early times.

6. Most of aluminum alloys are both light and fragile.

7. Bismuth is frequently used as a part of alloys with high melting-points.

8. Electrum is a natural or artificial alloy of gold and copper.

9. New alloys appeared due to commercial production of pure aluminum in late 19th century.

Exercise 4.

Answer the questions.

1. Which metals are mined in the native state?

2. What do the impurities in the metals require?

3. What is ore?

4. In what form are most of the metals found in the earth?

5. Why are ores of different metals put through various refining processes?

6. What are the more common impurities in iron ore?

7. Why are phosphorus and sulphur undesirable in ores?

8. What are the first alloys in the history of metallurgy?

9. What is duralumin?

10. What are the important properties of aluminum alloys?

11. Why is nickel often mixed with other metals?

12. What properties make alloys useful in chemical production?

13. What alloy was used in ancient world for coinage?

Exercise 5

Match the following words and translations, write

Alloys page 5 from 5