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Тема: «ENGLAND»
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ENGLAND
Geographical position
England is one of the most visited countries in the world, which has a magnificent history, beautiful cities and the richest cultural traditions. This part of Britain is famous for many excellent historical sites from ancient megaliths and ancient Roman buildings to medieval villages and ancient castles. England is a picturesque natural landscape and an exciting seaside, an atmospheric province and the dynamic life of megacities. This amazing country has a very authentic atmosphere and way of life.
England is not considered a separate state. This is a large administrative and political territory of Great Britain. The largest cities are Liverpool, Sheffield, Manchester and Birmingham. It also includes London, the capital of Great Britain. The geographical position of England makes it advantageous for the economy and economic activity.
England is located on the island of Great Britain and covers 2/3 of the territory. The area is 130,395 sq. km. It has land borders with two other administrative and political parts of the United Kingdom: in the north with Scotland, and in the west with Wales. England is washed by the Northern and Irish Seas, which are part of the Atlantic Ocean. The Straits of the English Channel and the Pas de Calais separate the island from France. The country also has maritime borders with Ireland (an island and a state) and France. Thanks to this position, England has access to various parts of the world. This has an impact on the economic sphere of the state. In the coastal parts there are ports for cargo and passengers.
England (unlike other administrative and political parts of the United Kingdom) does not have its own parliament and government, being subordinate to the relevant legislative and executive bodies of Great Britain.
Administrative division
Now England is divided into 9 regions and 48 ceremonial counties.
Regionally, the territory of England can be divided into three large parts:
- Southern England - London, the south-east and west coast of Great Britain.
- Midlands (Central England) - East Midlands (the center of England to the North Sea coast), West Midlands (industrial and rural area east of Wales), East Anglia (rural province northeast of London).
- Northern England - Yorkshire, large industrial cities between Wales and Scotland.
The population
The population of the administrative part is 53 million people. This is about 84% of people living in the whole of the UK. The largest ethnic group in England is the English (76% of the population are English). This nation appeared as a result of a mixture of Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Normans. The English speak English. The predominant religion is Anglicanism (one of the branches of Christianity).
The English are usually friendly and polite. Although they are distinguished by some prudery, vanity and conservatism. In ordinary life, the British are calm, unflappable and quite closed. They can vent their passion at sporting events and in pubs.
Landscape
In most of England there are rolling hills, and to the northern territory the terrain turns into mountainous. Mountains and plains are conditionally divided along the line that runs between the mouths of the rivers Tiss and Aix. In the eastern part there is a swampy lowland, a large area of which has been drained for agricultural activities.
The south of England is a plain that is divided by hills and hills. The north of England is a relatively mountainous area, where the Pennines are located. The largest peak is Skofel Pike (978 meters). East England is a lowland with meadows and marshes that have been drained and become farmland.
The largest rivers in England: Severn, Thames, Trent, Great Ouse, Wye. At the time of the Celts, most of England was covered with broad-leaved forests (oak, beech, hornbeam, ash). But in the future, most of the woodlands were transformed into fields and pastures. Now forests occupy only 10% of the territory of England.
Climate
England has a temperate maritime climate, which is softened by the influence of the warm Gulf Stream. It is characterized by relatively warm, cool in some northern areas, in summer and mild in winter. The southeastern part is the warmest region. The northeast is the coldest. The weather in England can be quite changeable (instead of cold, heat abruptly comes, and vice versa. Even during the day it may rains, and then sunny weather will come), and autumn and spring are often rainy. At the same time, the climate is characterized by rare extreme temperatures and a small temperature difference between the warmest and coldest months.
Transport
Since the UK is an island, you can get to England from mainland Europe by ferry or via the Eurotunnel under the English Channel. The best and fastest way to get here is by air. The country has excellent air links with most major cities in Europe and the world. London Heathrow Airport is one of the largest and busiest air ports in the world. The largest airports in England are located in London (as many as five), Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool.
England has excellent rail connections and one of the highest concentrations of railways in the world. Railways connect all major cities. You can also get to England by train from France and Belgium.
Cities of England
London is the capital of Great Britain and the largest city in the country. It is one of the main financial centers of the world and the leading global cities on a par with New York. London is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. It is a bustling and vibrant metropolis that has an amazing concentration of magnificent sights and historical monuments, and is also the capital of art, culture, music, education, fashion, politics, finance and trade.
Birmingham is the second largest city in the UK with a rich industrial heritage. It is known for its canals, jewelry and numerous cultural events.
Bristol is a city with a glorious history and one of the oldest ports in England. It is known for its beautiful Georgian architecture and wonderful "sea" atmosphere.
Liverpool is a Beatles city known for its music, sports and Irish pubs. It is one of the centers of transatlantic shipping, an important commercial and university city with many beautiful historical buildings.
Manchester is the commercial and cultural capital of Lancashire. Once one of the largest industrial centers in Europe, which is now famous for entertainment and sports facilities.
Bath is one of the most attractive cities in the UK, known for its magnificent ancient heritage.
York is one of the most beautiful medieval cities in England with charming old streets, many old churches and a wonderful historical atmosphere.
Cambridge is a university city with a romantic medieval character, stunning Gothic architecture and one of the highest concentrations of historic buildings in England.
Sheffield is the fourth most populous city in England, which is famous for a huge number of parks and gardens.
Nottingham is a place with a rich history, the origins of which go back to the times of the Roman Empire, fanned by the legends of Robin Hood. The city is often called the "Queen of the Midlands" because of the wide streets, beautiful architecture and abundance of picturesque parks.
Leeds is the third largest city in the UK, located in the county of Yorkshire. It is one of the largest industrial, commercial and financial centers of Northern England, which is famous for great shopping, a number of interesting museums and art galleries, as well as numerous parks.
Bristol is the unofficial capital of Western England and one of the oldest British ports.
Сuisine
English cuisine is famous for simple meat dishes: roast beef, steak, bacon. Fish dishes and puddings are also popular.
Traditional food:
Lancashire Hotpot is a hearty vegetable and meat stew.
Cornish Pasty is a layered pie with meat filling.
Yorkshire Pudding - liquid pudding with fried meat.
Pies - meat pie.
Full English Breakfast - the famous English breakfast (fried bacon, scrambled eggs, bread, fried black pudding with a large mug of tea with milk).
Roast dinner (Sunday dinner) - baked meat with vegetables and potatoes.
Pubs are a great place to try English food at a reasonable price. But it is necessary to take into account an important nuance - in such establishments the kitchen is open until 21.00.
The traditional drinking establishment is called a pub. The most popular alcoholic beverage is beer, which can be divided into lager (light), ale and stout (dark). The most popular soft drink is, of course, tea.
Useful information about England
The population is more than 53 million people.
The currency is the pound sterling.
The language is English.
The time is UTC 0, in summer +1.
The UK is not a party to the Schengen Agreement. You can get a visa by personally visiting accredited visa centers located in Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Yekaterinburg.
State and national holidays: January 1 - New Year, Good Friday (Friday before Easter), Easter Monday (immediately after Easter), early May Day off (first Monday in May), Spring day off (last Monday in May), Summer day off (last Monday in August), December 25 - Christmas, December 26 - Boxing Day.
England has left-hand traffic. The expensive ones are free, except for a few major bridges, tunnels and the M6 toll motorway. Motorways in the UK are marked with white letters on a blue background. The following restrictions apply on roads: 70 mph (115 km/h) - motorways, 60 mph (100 km/h) - roads with one carriageway outside settlements, 30 mph (50 km/h) - in settlements. Large cities are not very convenient for automobile traffic. It is better to leave the car in the suburbs at special parking lots, and get to the center by cheap buses.
The voltage of the electrical network is 230 V, 50 Hz.
In most restaurants, the service fee is included in the bill. If this is not the case, then it would be good form to leave 10% of the invoice amount.
The capital
London is the capital of England and one of the largest cities in Europe, which is the world center of culture, music, education, fashion, politics, finance and trade. It is a bright and noisy metropolis with a dynamic life and a wonderful cosmopolitan atmosphere. London is one of the oldest cities in Europe, which has an amazing concentration of various attractions, historical and cultural monuments: luxurious palaces, historical buildings, towers, bridges, ancient churches, attractions and world-class museums.
London is located in the south-east of England on the River Thames, which flows into the North Sea, 50 km upstream from its mouth. The city lies on the plain of the London Basin, which turns into small hills to the southeast. A "green belt" has been created around the capital of Great Britain, the purpose of which is to curb the growth of the metropolis. London has a temperate maritime climate, which is characterized by warm summers and mild winters. Precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year.
London is one of the capitals of world shopping. Here is the largest department store in Europe - Harrods, where you can find almost everything. Also in the capital of Great Britain there is a huge shopping center - Westfield, which includes 300 stores. The main shopping area is the West End (Oxford Street, Regent Street, Bond Street, Piccadilly and Convention Garden). Borough Food Market is located near London Bridge, although it is relatively expensive. There is an old fruit market on Brushfield, where you can now buy clothes for aspiring designers, household utensils and food. Food in London can satisfy every taste. Here you can find everything from fast food and inexpensive pubs to exclusive restaurants. In London, there is a standard tourist rule - food near popular attractions and in the central part of the city is more expensive. Many locals go to restaurants in residential and working-class areas where the quality of food and service is higher and prices are lower.
London can be visited all year round, so the best time to visit it depends entirely on your preferences. There are fewer tourists in the capital of the United Kingdom in the off-season, so it's easier to book a good hotel and you can comfortably explore the city. In summer, London hosts many festivals and cultural events, but there are also much more tourists.
Мineral resources
Coal, oil and natural gas, iron ore, kaolin, potash salt
Land: podzolic, brown forest and alluvial meadow soils are cultivated and yield high yields.
Forest: occupy 10% of the territory. They have mainly recreational significance.
Water: the rivers Thames, Trent, Severn, Mersey are connected by canals.
Flag
The national flag of England is a white cloth with a red straight cross of St. George, who is considered the patron saint of the English. The official proportions of the flag are 3:5, the width of the red cross lines is 1/5 of the width of the canvas. The first mention of the flag of England with the St. George's Cross dates back to 1545.
The Cross of St. George is one of the first known emblems of England. It became an English symbol in the Middle Ages, during the Crusades. St. George became the patron saint of England in the XIII century. There is a theory that the Cross began to be used as a national emblem (but not a flag) during the Welsh War of 1275.
There is an opinion that the Cross was adopted by England to endow the fleet with special symbols. The English monarch Richard the Lionheart initially chose St. George as the patron saint. Then English ships hoisted a white flag with a red cross in order to extract some benefit: once the Cross was a symbol of Genoa, and England thus fell under the protectorate of a powerful fleet.
Symbols
National symbols of England are items that are symbolic, representative or otherwise characteristic of England or English culture. Some of them are established, official symbols; for example, the Royal Coat of Arms of England, which has been codified in heraldry. Other symbols may not have an official status for one reason or another, but are also recognized nationally or internationally.
The national flag of England, known as St George's Cross, has been England's national flag since the 13th century.
The Royal Banner of England (also known as the Banner of the Royal Arms, the Banner of the King) is the English banner of arms; it features the Royal Arms of England. This Royal Banner differs from England's national flag, St George's Cross, in that it does not represent any particular area or land, but rather symbolises the sovereignty vested in the rulers there of.
The Barbary lion is a national animal of England. In the Middle Ages, the lions kept in the menagerie of the Tower of London were Barbary lions. English medieval warrior rulers with a reputation for bravery were nicknamed "The Lion": the most famous example is King Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart. Lions are often depicted in English heraldry either as an image on the shields themselves, or as supporters. They also appear in sculpture and on objects of national importance. The lion is used as a symbol of English sports teams, such as the England national cricket team.
Oak (in particular, English oak) is the national tree of England, embodying strength and endurance. Royal Oak and Oak Apples Day commemorates the escape of King Charles II from the clutches of parliamentarians (roundheads) after the Battle of Worcester in 1651 (the last battle of the English Civil War); he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely going into exile. The Big Oak is an 800-1000-year-old oak in Sherwood Forest, legendary as Robin Hood's main hideout.
The rose is the national flower of England. Officially, the Tudor rose is used, meaning the unification of the warring parties, the War of the Roses under the rule of the Tudor dynasty. The red rose symbolizes the House of Lancaster, the white - the house of York. The red rose is often replaced and used, for example, in the emblems of the English Golf Union and the England rugby team.
The Royal Arms of England is a coat of arms symbolising England and the English monarchs. Designed in the High Middle Ages, the Royal Arms was subject to significant alteration as the territory, politics and rule of the Kingdom of England shifted throughout the Middle Ages.
St Edward's Crown was one of the English Crown Jewels and remains one of the senior Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, often being used as the coronation crown. Since 1952, two-dimensional representations of the crown have been used in coats of arms, badges, and various other insignia to indicate the authority of the monarch throughout the Commonwealth realms.
The Tudor rose, which takes its name from the Tudor dynasty, was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace.
Double-Decker bus designed by London Transport and built by the Associated Equipment Company (AEC) and Park Royal Vehicles; popular with the public, and a perennial favourite with tourists.
Rolls-Royce Limited motor cars (1906–1973) and the Spirit of Ecstasybonnet ornament: the original English company established a reputation worldwide for superior engineering quality and all-round elegance, earning widespread recognition for producing the "best car in the world".
London taxi / black taxi / Hired carriage: a unique and timeless taxi design. Only licensed hired carriages can pick up passengers on the street and without prior reservation. London's traditional black cabs are specially designed vehicles designed to meet the standards set out in the Conditions of Suitability. Traditional London taxi drivers are licensed and must complete an extensive training course (the Knowledge).
Big Ben is the nickname for the Great Bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and often extended to refer to the clock and the clock tower.
Buckingham Palace is the London residence and administrative headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom.
The White Cliffs of Dover: The cliffs have great symbolic value in England because they face Continental Europe across the narrowest section of the English Channel, where invasions have historically threatened and against which the cliffs form a symbolic guard.
Fish and chips has been a recognisable cultural and culinary symbol of England since the mid-19th century. A strong contender for the unofficial title of England's national dish, it remains hugely popular as an affordable and nutritious takeaway meal.
Roast beef and Yorkshire pudding is a widely consumed part of English cuisine, and is symbolic of England. It is another contender for the title of England's national dish, supported by a song dating from 1731 called The Roast Beef of Old England,[ and the French nickname for English people; les rosbifs ("the roast beefs").
Tea is symbolic of England. In 2006, a government-sponsored survey confirmed that a cup of tea constituted a national symbol of England. By an alternative view, it may be considered symbolic of Britain rather than England alone for its historical British connection with Empire and India, and is not specifically pre-Union of the Crowns or pre-Union of Parliaments.
Alfred the Great (848/49 – 899) was King of Wessex, becoming the dominant ruler in England.
Saint George (280–303 AD): the patron saint of England.
Robin Hood is a heroic outlaw in English folklore.
History of the country
Before the Roman Conquest, the territory of England was inhabited by Britons (Celtic tribes). In the 1st century BC, the southern, western and central parts of Great Britain were conquered by the Roman Empire and were part of it until the 5th century. The Romans built roads here, a chain of fortifications and founded several cities. In fact, Britain was the outskirts of the Roman state. After the departure of the Romans, the Britons began to crowd the northern tribes of Picts and Scots (future Scots).
In the 5th century, Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons and Jutes) invaded the territory of England. They formed 7 kingdoms, which were later merged into the Kingdom of England. The first English king was Alfred the Great. In the 9th century, England suffered from the invasion of the Vikings. The warlike Scandinavians seized the northern and eastern territories, and the Danish kings even ruled the English kingdom for a while. In the 11th century, Normans led by William the Conqueror invaded England. William introduced the feudal system, as w In 1154, Henry II of the Plantagenet dynasty or Anjou was crowned in England. Under him, rights and privileges were granted to many cities, which contributed to their growth and development. In 1171, Ireland was subordinated. At the end of the 13th century, the English monarchs subjugated Wales. In 1399, the Lancastrian dynasty came to power, which ruled the country until 1462. The end of the 15th century is characterized by a series of wars between supporters of the dynasty of York and Lancaster, which ended with the victory of the former.
The Yorks ruled the country for only 24 years. In 1485, the Tudors took the throne. In 1603, the Scottish King James I of the Stuart dynasty became King of England. The 17th century turned out to be quite stormy for England. The country was shaken by wars, religious conflicts and revolution, which ended with the restoration of the monarchy. In 1707, as a result of the union, England and Scotland formed a single state - Great Britain.
Celebrities
William Caxton (1422-1491), English first printer. In the 1470s he founded the first printing house in London.
Saint Thomas More (1478-1535), English lawyer, politician, thinker, writer. Holy Catholic Church.
Sir Francis Drake (c.1540-1596), English navigator, corsair, Vice Admiral (1588), Elizabeth I baronet.
William Shakespeare (1564, 1616) — English poet and playwright, often considered the greatest English-language writer and one of the best playwrights in the world . He is often called the national poet of England. The extant works, including some written jointly with other authors, consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, 4 poems and 3 epitaphs. Shakespeare's plays have been translated into all major languages and are staged more often than the works of other playwrights. During his lifetime, not a single portrait of him was painted.
Guy Fawkes (1570-1606), English revolutionary, participant in the Gunpowder conspiracy.
Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was a great scientist who made a great contribution to the development of physics, mathematics, and astrology.
Captain James Cook (1728-1779), English explorer, navigator.
James Watt (1736-1819), English physicist and inventor of the universal steam engine.
Edward Jenner (1749-1823), English physician, pioneer of vaccination, developed the first vaccine — against smallpox.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) was an English writer, the founder of the "female" novel.
George Stephenson (1781-1848), English inventor, mechanical engineer. He gained worldwide fame thanks to the steam locomotive he invented.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867), English physicist, founder of the doctrine of the electromagnetic field.
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), English commander and statesman, English Field Marshal, Prime Minister (1828-1830 and 1834).
Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806-1859), English engineer, creator of the Great Western Railway, civil engineer. As a shipbuilder, he built many famous ships.
Charles Dickens (1812-1870), English writer, humanist, classic of world literature.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) was an outstanding English naturalist, naturalist, founder of Darwinism. His works on the evolution of living organisms had a huge impact on the history of human thought, marked a new era in the development of biology and other sciences.
Sir Wallace Barnes (1887-1979), English scientist, engineer and inventor. He became famous as the creator of specialized aviation bombs — the jumping bomb.
Sir Frank Whittle (Eng. Sir Frank Whittle; June 1, 1907, Coventry (Warwickshire) — August 9, 1996, Columbia, Howard, Maryland) was an outstanding English design engineer. The father of the turbojet aircraft engine.
Alan Turing (1912-1954), English mathematician, logician, cryptographer, pioneer of computerization.
Queen Elizabeth II (born 1926), reigning monarch (from 1952 to the present)
Sir Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), English comedian and director.
John Lennon — English musician, poet, composer, artist, one of the founders of the legendary British quartet The Beatles (1940-1980)
David Beckham (born 1975), English footballer.
Highlights
London was founded by the Romans after their invasion of Britain in 43. Then the city was called Londinium.
The Queen is the official head of state. Elizabeth II was born in 1926. The Queen of England is the only British citizen who travels without a passport.
Children go to school from the age of five and compulsory education lasts up to 16. To enter the university, you still need to study for an additional year or two.
Football, rugby and cricket are the most popular sports in England.
British cuisine is perceived as the least delicious in Europe. It is believed that people here mainly eat to get enough, and not to get gastronomic pleasure. The only thing that has received worldwide recognition is a traditional Christmas lunch, as well as a classic British breakfast. However, the approach to eating itself is thanks to the British (breakfast and lunch, for example) became very popular. Nevertheless, most people still know the most famous dishes that make up the local cuisine: puddings, bacon with eggs, oatmeal porridge, roast beef, potatoes with fish, steak. Cheese “Cheshire” has found adherents in Europe. And do not forget that it is thanks to the British that the tradition of tea drinking has also spread around the world.
Traditional English breakfast (Full English breakfast) is quite big.
It contains: sausages, bacon, scrambled or fried eggs, baked beans, mushrooms, dried tomatoes, tost.
For the English, Catholic Christmas is a special family holiday. It is on this day that the whole family gathers for a festive Christmas dinner or lunch, for which the hostess of the house tries to surprise everyone with her culinary talents. As in other countries, in England it is considered that as Christmas passes, so the whole next year will pass, so everyone tries to relax and have fun from the heart, and also arrange a grand belly feast for themselves, since the table is bursting with a variety of delicious food.What is prepared for a festive dinner and what are guests treated to in England for Christmas?
Previously, the traditional dish on the Christmas table was a boar's head, later a roast goose or bustard took root as a meat dish, and for rich people – a whole peacock or swan fried. Moreover, before putting the bird on the table, its beak was gilded and decorated with its own feathers. Now meat dishes on Christmas tables in most of England are usually represented by fried or stuffed turkey. The true queen of the holiday at Christmas is considered a turkey doused with gooseberry sauce. After the main meat dish is served on the table, the owner of the house cuts it and puts it on the plates of the guests.
As a side dish, baked potatoes served directly from the oven, Brussels sprouts with cheese, egg and bacon, fresh or baked vegetables are common.
Typical English dishes are always on the table during Christmas: Yorkshire ham, veal kidney casserole, duck pate, lamb roast, poultry pies, kebben cheese. There are also Christmas oatcakes on the table, which the British eat by dipping in sweet hot nutmeg or cranberry sauce.
The variety of desserts at Christmas dinners in England is a reason for a separate conversation. The main Christmas dessert is considered to be a Christmas pudding or plum pudding. Previously, they simply cooked oatmeal porridge with fruit, but instead of milk or water, meat broth was used. This dish was called plum porridge. The pudding is stuffed with raisins, honey, bread crumbs, prunes, vanilla and almonds. Moreover, even the very preparation of pudding is considered a family tradition. It is prepared by the whole family, and the recipe is inherited.
Dover Castle is one of the largest castles in England. It is 2000 years. The Castle is situated on the bank of the Strait of Dover between England and France. Its name is The Key to England. Now it is a museum. During the Napoleonic Wars in the 18th century, a system of external fortifications was created. And at a depth of 15 meters, special tunnels were cut down inside the rock, in which soldiers' barracks were located. More than 2,000 soldiers were kept there. Prisoners of war were also held there. In 1939, during the Second World War, the tunnels were converted into a bomb shelter, then into a command hospital.
St. Peter's Church (also called Westminster Abbey) is located in the historic district of London (Westminster). The coronation takes place here, as well as the burial of monarchs. One of the most important religious building in England.
Stonehenge is one of the most famous attractions in the UK, which is a grandiose archaeological site of the Neolithic era. This ancient megalithic structure was built between 3000 and 1500 BC and is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The mysterious Stonehenge consists of huge blocks of stone, which are called menhirs or megaliths. Its exact purpose is still not known. Although archaeologists tend to conclude that Stonehenge is either an ancient cemetery, or the construction of ancient astronomers to predict cosmic phenomena.
The London Eye is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world. Each of his laps takes 30 minutes.
Trafalgar Square is an unofficial symbol of London. The square has a beautiful layout designed to emphasize its scope. There is a monument to Admiral Nelson. It is an attraction in itself, and so recognizable that guides often appoint a gathering of groups next to the pedestal. Also, the monument is often used as a landmark by couples in love.
Windsor Castle. Many associate this remarkable structure with the English monarchy. By the way, in 2070 the castle will celebrate 1000 years since its construction. And the palace was included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest fortress that has survived in our time without significant redevelopment. Initially, the palace was really erected next to the Thames as a fortress. And its main task is to protect the rulers. The structure as a whole coped with it: the change of dynasties occurred due to political intrigues, and not due to direct attacks.The royal family still lives in Windsor Palace. And they also conduct excursions there. The explanation is simple: you can find a place and time for everything. And, of course, there is a territory where outsiders are not allowed.
I hope, one day I will visit this beautiful country.
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