Рекомендации по выполнению самостоятельной работы для студентов 4 курса специальности 36.02.01 Ветеринария

ОГБПОУ «ЖАДОВСКИЙ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИКУМ»

Методические рекомендации для выполнения самостоятельной работы для студентов специальности 111801 «Ветеринария» по дисциплине ОГСЭ – 03 Иностранный язык (английский)

4 курс

Составитель – Юдина Н.Н.

Жадовка 2019 г.

Данное методические рекомендации предназначены для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов 4 курса специальности 111801 «Ветеринария» ОГБПОУ «Жадовский сельскохозяйственный техникум» и нацелены на освоение знаний и формирование умений, а также профессиональных и надпрофессиональных (общих) компетенций специалистов сельского хозяйства. Оно включает в себя учебный материал по темам в соответствии с рабочей программой (английский язык).

Содержание

Тема 1. Внутренние органы …………………………. 3

Тема 2. Кровеносная система ………………………….8

Тема 3. Кормление животных ………………………....10

Тема 4. Гигиена сельскохозяйственных животных ….14

Тема 5. Бактерии и вирусы …………………………….18

Тема 6. Болезни животных и птиц …………………….25

Литература ………………………………………………28

Тема Внутренние органы

Задание 1. Выучите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Internal organs [in'tə:nl 'o:gənz] – внутренние органы

sense organs ['sens 'o:gənz] – органы чувств

a brain ['brein] - головной мозг

a spinal cord ['spainl 'ko:d] , a spinal marrow ['spainl 'mærəu] – спинной мозг

a marrow ['mærəu] – костный мозг

organs of digestion ['o:gənz ov di ʤestƒən] – органы пищеварения

the reproduktive system ['ri:prə'dΛktiv 'sistim] – система размножения

reproductional organs ['ri:prə'dΛkƒən 'o:gənz] – органы размножения

an ovary ['ouveri] - яичник

organs of blood circulation ['o:gənz ov blΛd 'sə:kju'leiƒən] – органы кровообращения

to have a fine sense of smell – иметь тонкое обоняние

an ear [iə] , hearing ['hiəriŋ] – слух

a gullet ['gΛlit] – пищевод, глотка

a stomach ['stΛmək] – желудок, живот

a rumen ['ru:mən] – рубец (1- й отдел кишечника)

a reticulum [ri'tikjuləm] – сетка (2- й отдел кишечника)

an omasum [ə'meizəm] – книжка (3- й отдел кишечника)

an abomasum [eibə'meizəm] – сычуг (4- й отдел кишечника)

a pylorus [pai'lourəz] – пилорус, привратник желудка

pyloric [pai'lorik] - пилорический

an intestine [in'testin], a gut [gΛt] – кишка

intestines (pl.) [in'testinz], bowels (pl.) ['bauəlz] – кишечник, кишки, внутренности

a lean [li:n], a meagre ['mi:gə] – тощая кишка

a large intestine [lad ʤ in'testin] - толстая кишка

a colon ['koulən] - ободочная кишка

a caecum ['si:kəm] – слепая кишка

a rectum ['rektəm] – прямая кишка

a duodenum ['djuə'dənəm] – двенадцатипёрстная кишка

a circulatory system ['sə:kju'leitəri 'sistim] – кровеносная система

a heart [hα:t] – сердце

blood – vessels ['blΛd - 'veslz] - кровеносные сосуды

a vein [vein] – вена

an artery ['α:təri] – артерия

a capillary [kəpi'ləri] – капилляр

a liver ['livə] – печень

a spleen [spli:n] – селезёнка

a lung [lΛŋ] – лёгкое

an urino – genital system ['juərinə - ' ʤenitl 'sistim] – моче – половая система

an urinary vladder ['juərinəri 'blædə]- мочевой пузырь

an ureter ['ju'ritə] – мочеточник

a kidny ['kidni] – почка

the endocrine system ['endou'krain 'sistim] – эндокринная система

the integumentary system [in'tegju'mentri 'sistim] – система наружного покрова

the organs involved ['o:gənz in'voulvəd] ... - органы, входящие …(в систему …)

a disease [di'zi:z] – заболевание

to fall ill (with) [fo:l il] – заболеть

to be taken ill (with) [bi: 'teikən il] – заболеть

Лексичеcкие упражнения:

Задание 2. Переведите

1. The brain is in the skull. 2. The spinal cord is located in the spinal column.

3. Food comes through the esophagus into the stomach. 4. The stomach is in the abdominal cavity. 5. The stomach digests the food. 6. The stomach consists of rumen, reticulum, omasum and true stomach - the abomasum. 7. The food is digested in the stomach and comes into the intestines. 8. The intestines consists of thin and thick sections. 9. The small section of intestines consists of the duodenum, jejunum (lean) and ileum.

10. The large section of intestine consists of the colon, cecum( blind gut) and rectum. 11. Digestive system consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach and intestines. 12. Nutrients are absorbed from the intestine into the bloodstream. 13. Animals, like humans, breathe with the lungs. 14. There are the left and the right lungs. 15. Lungs are in the breast cavity of the chest. 16. The chest is formed by the pectoral (breast) ribs and breast boun. 17. The organs of blood circulation are the heart and blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. 18. Aorta passes under the spine. 19. The circulatory system delivers nutrients and oxygen to various organs throughout the body.

20. The blood-forming (hematopoietic) organs are the liver, spleen and red bone marrow. 21. The liver is under the right ribs. 22. The liver cleanes (filters) the blood. 23. The spleen is located next to the stomach from the left side in the abdominal cavity. 24. The spleen function is to perform the blood vessels. 25. The kidneys are under the lumbar vertebraes. 26. The kidneys excrete harmful substances. 27. Urino-genital system consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder and ureters.

28. Harmful substances are excreted in the urine. 29. Thevet examines urine of the animal to determine the chemical composition and the presence of protein and sugar in blood. 30. The urinary bladder is on the pubic bones. 31. In the urinary bladder collects urine. 32. All animals have a keen hearing and a fine smell. 33. The internal organs of animals need to be healthy.

34. A veterinary must treat all diseases in time.

Задание 3. Сопоставьте название органа и составные части, из которых он состоит.

1 - __, 2 - __, 3 - __, 4 - __, 5 - __, 6 - __, 7 - __, 8 - __

№	Орган		Составные части органа
1.	The stomach	a)	duodenum, jejunum and ileum
2.	The genitourinary system	b)	rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum
3.	The small section of intestines	c)	pectoral ribs and the sternum(breast bone).
4.	The large section of intestines	d)	liver, spleen and red bone marrow
5.	The digestive system	e)	colon, cecum and rectum
6.	The chest consists	f)	heart and blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries
7.	The circulatory organs	g)	oral cavity, esophagus, stomach and intestines
8.	Hematopoietic organs	h)	kidneys, bladder and ureters

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Задание 4. Переведите

ORGAN SYSTEMS

As the various tissues in the plant and animal body differentiate, they become associated with each other to form organs that carry out particular functions. Organs which are related by function are grouped into organ systems. It is the coordinated functioning of all organ systems that enables an individual organism to maintain itself in its environment and to reproduce.

Although organs and organ systems exist in all multicellular forms, this level of differentiation is probably better illustrated in animals than in plants. The association of organs with each other to carry out particular functions results in organ systems. Ten such systems are commonly recognized in animals.

The digestive system is composed of such organs as the esophagus, stomach. small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, and liver. All of these organs function together. primarily through the action of digestive enzymes, to break down food particles into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the blood stream.

The circulatory system is composed of the heart, the blood vessels, blood, the lymphatic vessels, and lymph. This system transports materials from one part of the body to another. The circulatory system also transports hormones and has a role in the regulation of body temperature and in protecting the body against disease.

The respiratory system is composed of the lungs and the related air passages (the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the trachea, and the bronchial tubes). The function of this system is twofold. l) to supply all of the cells within the body with the oxygen they need to carry on respiration, and 2) to remove the carbon dioxide and some of the water that is a waste product of respiration. In some animals, other organs of respiration have eyolved. For example, fish possess gills, insects have a series of tubules through which air flows, and a number of organisms, particularly the more primitive ones, carry on an oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange through the body surface.

The excretory system provides the body with a means of ridding itself of metabolic waste materials. The primary excretory organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, and liver.

The skeletal system is composed of varying amounts of bone and cartilage, depending upon the group of animals in question. The skeletal system provides a supporting framework for the body, a system of joints, and places of attachment for skeletal muscles. In the vertebrates, this system also serves to protect such organs as the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs contained within the rib cage. The marrow tissue within the cavities of long bones and ribs is the source of red blood cells and certain kinds of white blood cells.

The muscular system involves all of the muscle tissues within the body. The contraction of these tissues, whether voluntary or involuntary, is a response to a nerve impulse.

The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord, all the peripheral nerves, and the sensory parts of those organs concerned with receiving stimuli from the external or internal environment. Not only does the nervous systim receive the stimuli and conduct the nerve impulses that cause an organism to respond, but it also integrates and coordinates the various body parts in accordance with the information received in the form of stimuli. In higher animals, this system permits the processes, which we term intelligence - thought, reasoning, and memory.

The reproductive system has as its sole function the perpetuation of the species through the production of new organisms. The organs involved include the gonads (the testes and ovaries) with their various associated ducts and glands. The asexual methods of reproduction characteristic of primitive forms do not involve reproductive organs.

The endocrine system consists of the ductless glands, the glahds which produce chemical regulators called homones. Hormones are highly specifik in their effects. The thyroid pituitary, and adrenal glands are examples of organs which compose this system.

The integumenentary system is composed of the skin and the specialized structures, such as hair, scales, feathers and nails, which develop from it. Although the primary purpose of this system is protection, such functions as respiration, excretion, the reception of stimuli, and the production of cecretions are also sometimes carried out by the integument. The body of the multicellular plant is differentiated, although not as extensively as in animals, into organs and organ system (roots, stems, and leaves).

Задание 5. Ознакомьтесь с лексическим минимумом к тексту «The ruminant stomach» и переведите текст

ruminant [ 'ru:minənt] – жвачное животное

stomach ['stΛmək] – желудок

herbivorous [hə:'bivərəs] – травоядный

alimentary canal [,æli'mentəri kə'næl] – пищеварительный тракт

bulky, fibrous food [bΛlki 'faibrəs 'fu:d] – объёмная, волокнистая еда

fermentation – брожение

colon ['koulən] – ободочная кишка

rumen ['ru:mən] – рубец (1-й отдел желудка жвачных)

reticulum [ri'tikjuləm] – сетка (2-й отдел желудка жвачных)

omasum [ə'meisəm] – книжка (3-й отдел желудка жвачных)

abomasum [æbo'meisəm] – сычуг (4-й отдел желудка жвачных)

roughage ['rΛfid ] – грубый корм

longitudinal [ ,lond i'tju:dnəl ] – продольный

fold – складка

orific ['orifis] – отверстие

esophageal [i,sofə'd i:əl] – относящийся к пищеводу

groove ['gru:v] – жёлоб

nonglandular [ non'glændjulə] – не имеющий желёз

papillae [pə'pilə] – сосочки. папиллы

laminae ['læmini] – тонкие пластинки от lamina-sing

muscular tissue ['mΛskjulə 'ti u: ; 'mΛskjulə 'ti sju:] – мышечная ткань

comified epithelium [ 'komfaid ,epi' i:liəm] – ороговевший эпителий

glandular – железистый

pylorus [ pai'lorəs] – пилорус, привратник желудка

duodenum [djuə'di:nəm] – двенадцатипёрстная кишка

a construction – перехват, перетяжка (мед.)

fundic ['fΛndik] – фундальный, относящийся ко дну органа

pyloric [ pai'lərik] – пиларический, относящийся к привратнику желудка

Пояснения к тексту:

to a lessar extent – в меньшей мере

five orders – пять сортов, свойств

the former – первый

the latter – последний

it is essential that... – важно, что…

due to... – благодаря…

as regards – что касается

The ruminant stomach

In herbivorous animals it is essential that the alimentary canal has somewhere in course a roomy compartment where the bulky, fibrous food can be delayed in its passage through the canal and undergo soaking and fermentation. This requirement in animals with simple stomaches is fulfilled in the cecum and colon. Synthesis in the alimentary canal is also developed in ruminants. These advantages are due mainly to the great size of the rumen.

The ruminant stomach, characterized anatomically by its great size and its division into several distinct compartments, is probably an evolutionary modification of the simple stomach.

The ruminant stomach is compound and consists of four compartments or divisions, designated as rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum.

The relative size of the four compartments varies with the age of the animal. In the newborn calf the first three compartments are small. They develop as the animal grows and passes from a milk diet to one containing grain and roughage.

The rumen presents dorsal and ventral sacs, which freely communicate with each other through a large opening surrounded by muscular pillars. The anterior and posterior pillars are especially well developed and powerful. There is also a pair each of longitudinal, dorsal coronary and ventral coronary pillars. The rumen communicates freely with the reticulum over the ruminoreticular fold. From the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice extends the peculiar esopha-geal or reticular groove. In the ox it is 7 or 8 inches in length. The mucous membrane of the rumen is nonglandular and in most situations is covered with papillae, which are especially well developed in the ventral sac.

The reticulum lies against the diaphragm and liver. It is small and somewhat flask-shaped. It communicates with the rumen over the ruminoreticular fold and with the omasum through the comparatively small retico-omasal orifice. Its base is below the inlet and the outlet. The mucous membrane is nonglandular and is thrown into folds, so that it resembles a honeycomb.

The omasum is somewhat globe-shaped. It communicates with the reticulum through the reticulo-omasal orifice and with the abomasum through the large omaso-abomasal orifice. The sulcus omasi is a groove extending mainly downwardfrom the inlet to the outlet. The interior of the omasum presents numerous folds or laminae. They are attached to the wall of the organ except in the region of the sulcus. As regsrds length, the folds can be grouped into about five orders. The longest folds extend almost across the organ; the smallest are mere ridges; the others are of intervening lengths. The leaves have some muscular tissue in their structure and are studded with numerous papillae covered with cornified epithelium. Certain ruminants have no omasum; that of the sheep and goat is not well developed.

The abomasum is the glandular compartment of the ruminant stomach. It communicates with the omasum and, through the pylorus, with the duodenum. It is divided by a construction into two portions, the fundic and pyloric regions. Fundic and pyloric glands, respectively, are found in these parts. The mucous membrane of the former region is thrown into about 12 large spiral folds. The mucous membrane of the pyloric region is similar in appearance to that of the pyloric region of other animals.

Тема 2. Кровеносная система

Задание 1. Составьте лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Задание 2. Переведите тексты и выпишите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Blood

Blood fulfills a number of functions, most of which are included in the following summary: 1) It carries nutrient substances from the alimentary canal to the tissues. 2) It transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. 3) It removes the waste products of metabolism from the tissues to the organs of excretion. 4) It transports the secretions of the endocrine glands. 5) It aids in the equalization of the water content of the body. 6) Because of its high specific heat it is an important aid in equalizing body temperature. 7) It is concerned in the regulation of the hydrogen ion concentration in the organism. 8) It assists in the body defenses against microorganisms.

For proper functioning the cells of the body, panicularly the highly specialized ones, require a remarkably constant environment. This is spoken of as the internal environment, or fluid matrix, of the organism. It is the same as the extracellular fluid of the body and is comprised of the interstitial fluid and the blood plasma. Evidently many of the functions of the blood are directed toward the maintenance of the constancy of the internal environment, of which the blood plasma is a part. This maintenance is spoken of as homeostasis.

Blood composition

Blood is a cell-containing fluid which transports oxygen, food materials, carbon dioxide, nitrogen-containing waste materials, and hormones. Blood, as it circulates through the body, helps to maintain a constant internal environment for the organism. It also facilitates the mobilization of a hurried defense against disease.

The fluid portion of blood is an intercellular material called plasma. The formed elements, or cells, are suspended in the plasma and are of three basic types: red blood cell (erythrocyte), the white blood cell (leucocytc) and the platelet (thrombocyte).

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are nonnucleated cells whose sole function is that of transporting oxygen. They are the most numerous of the formed elements of blood, the number in man being 4,500,000 to 5,000,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood under normal conditions. White blood cells or leucocytes are nucleated cells. They are of two types: ranulocytes, which have lobed nuclei and distinctly staining granules in the cytoplasm; and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) which have nonlobed nuclei and lack granules in their cytoplasm. All leucocytes aid in the body’s defense against disease, either by engulfing foreign particles such as bacteria, or by participating in the immune mechanism. They are less numerous than erythrocytes, their number being approximately 8,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood. Thrombocytes are important in the clotting of blood. The normal number of thrombocytes in man is 250,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood.

Lymph is a fluid closely related to blood. It is formed in tissue fluids (that is, the fluids which diffuse from the blood stream through capillary walls into the tissue spaces are collected into lymph capillaries). This fluid has a milky appearance, and its composition varies according to the organ from which it is collected. Lymph from the liver is usually rich in proteins, whereas that coliected from the small intestine contains much fat.

Задание . Прочитайте текст «.Blood composition» и выпишите ответы на вопросы:

1. What is blood?

2. What types of white blood cells do you know?

3. Where is lymph formed?

4. What are erythrocytes?

5. How many leukocytes are contained in one cubic millimeter of blood?

6. How many red blood cells are contained in one cubic millimeter of blood?

ANIMAL TISSUES

Blood is a cell-containing fluid which transports oxygen, food materials, carbon dioxide, nitrogen-containing waste materials, and hormones. Blood, as it circulates through the body, helps to maintain a constant internal environment for the organism. It also facilitates the mobilization of a hurried defense against disease.

The fluid portion of blood is an intercellular material called plasma. The formed elements, or cells, are suspended in the plasma and are of three basic types: red blood cell (erythrocyte), the white blood cell (leucocytc) and the platelet (thrombocyte).

Erythrocytes are nonnucleated cells whose sole function is that of transporting oxygen. They are the most numerous of the formed elements of blood, the number in man being 4,500,000 to 5,000,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood under normal conditions. White blood cells or leucocytes are nucleated cells. They are of two types: ranulocytes, which have lobed nuclei and distinctly staining granules in the cytoplasm; and agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes) which have nonlobed nuclei and lack granules in their cytoplasm. All leucocytes aid in the body’s defense against disease, either by engulfing foreign particles such as bacteria, or by participating in the immune mechanism. They are less numerous than erythrocytes, their number being approximately 8,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood. Thrombocytes are important in the clotting of blood. The normal number of thrombocytes in man is 250,000 per cubic millimeter of whole blood.

Lymph is a fluid closely related to blood. It is formed in tissue fluids (that is, the fluids which diffuse from the blood stream through capillary walls into the tissue spaces are collected into lymph capillaries) This fluid has a milky appearance, and its composition varies according to the organ from which it is collected. Lymph from the liver is usually rich in proteins, whereas that coliected from the small intestine contains much fat.

Тема 3. Кормление животных

Задание 1. Выучите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

a feeding ['fidiŋ] – кормление

a feed [fid] , a forage ['foriʤ] – корм

a roughage feed ['rΛfiʤ fid] – грубый корм

a coarse fodder [ko:s 'fodə] – грубый корм

a fodder ['fodə] – сухой корм

feeding stuffs (pl) ['fidiŋ stΛf] - сухие корма

a roughrich fodder ['rΛfritƒ 'fodə] – сочный корм

a grass fodder ['grα:s 'fodə] – зелёный корм

at grass [ət 'grα:s] – на подножном корму

concentrated fodder ['konsentreitid 'fodə] – концентрированный корм

lay in a supply of fodder [ lei in æ sə'plai ov 'fodə] – запасаться кормом

to give fodder – задавать корм скоту

a straw [stro:] – солома

cereals ['siəriəlz] – злаковые растения

wheat [wi:t] – пшеница

rye [rαi] – рожь

barley ['bα:li] – ячмень

oats [outs] – овёс

millet ['milit] – просо

bean [bi:n] – боб

peas [pi:z] – горох

vetch [vitƒ] – вика

maize [meiz] – кукуруза

root – crop [ru:t – krop] – корнеплод

vegetables ['veʤitəblz] – овощи

fruit [fru:t] – фрукт

carrot ['kærət] – морковь

beet [bi: t] – свёкла

potato [pə'teitəu] – картофель

swede [swi:d] – брюква, турнепс

sunflower [sΛnflαuə] - подсолнечник

a grain (hard) forage [ grein (hα:d) 'foriʤ ] – зерновой фураж

a maize flour [ meiz 'flauə] – кукурузная мука

juicy ['ʤu:si] – сочный

a gras [grα:s] – трава

a silo ['sailou] – силос

a dead – wood period [ded – wud 'piəriəd] – сухостойный период

a lactation period [læk'teiƒən 'piəriəd] – лактационный период

a ration ['ræƒ(ə)n] – рацион

a fodder ration ['fodə 'ræƒ(ə)n] – кормовой рацион

to form [fo:m], to make [meik] – составлять

an albumen ['ælbjumin] – белок

a protein ['prouti:n] - протеин

a carbohydrate ['kα:bou'haidreit] – углевод

a fat [fæt] – жир

cellulose ['seljulous] – клетчатка

a mineral matter ['minərəl 'mætə] – минеральное вещество

a vitamin ['vitəmin] – витамин

to ruminate ['ru:mineit] – жевать

a ruminant ['ru:minənt] – жвачное животное

to add [æd] - добавлять

to content [kən'tənt] – содержать

Лексические упражнения

Задание 2. Переведите предложения.

1. Pastoralists provide animal feed. 2. You need to feed the cattle and poultry in order to have high productivity and get a lot of meat, milk, wool, feathers, eggs. 3. This is necessary in the summer to store food, to winter well-fed cattle and poultry. 4. To coarse food are straw, hay, tree branches, grass meal. 5. For concentrated feed are grain forage, corn flour, barley-oat fodder. 6. For juicy food are vegetables, fruits, root crops: potatoes, beets, carrots, as well as silage, haylage, and beet pulp from the sunflower. 7. For feeding dairy cattle the most significant ones are beets, rutabagas, carrots and turnips. 8. In lactation period they need to give juicy food (vegetables, fruits, roots). 9. In the dry period they should be fed cornmeal.

10. In the feeding of cattle (cattle) used by the straw of cereals and straw of beans. 11. The best cereal straw is oat straw and barley straw. 12. Pea and oat straw can be used as additives in the silage. 13. Pigs need to be fed concentrated juicy starchy foods. 14. They are worse than eating forage containing a large quantity of fiber. 15. In the diet should have all nutrients, minerals, vitamins, which are necessary to an animal. 16. When feeding dairy cattle should be rations with digestibility of dry matter not less than 65 %. 17. The activity of animals associated with the formation and decay of proteins in the body. 18. In concentrated feed protein consists of proteins. 19. In green feed, silage, root crops 25% to 30% of amides (proteins) of total protein. 20. Carbohydrates – the main component of dry matter of plant feed and the main source of energy for animals.

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Задание 3. Переведите текст.

Composition of foods

Water. – Water is an essential need for live – stock. All foods contain water. Cereal grains, such as wheat, oats, barley, ets., contain on an average 11 per cent of water. Fresh meadow grass contains from 70 to 80 per cent, the hay has from12 to 14 per cent of water.

Carbohydrates. – The carbohydrates in foods are divisible into two groups, the crude or woody fibre, and the soluble carbohydrates. A concentrated food contains much nutriment, and a coarse food contains relatively little. For example, oats contain 10 per cent of fibre, and hay and wheat straw 25 per cent and 40 per cent. Foods containing much carbohydrate are for example the cereal grains, potatoes. The cereals contain from 60 to 70 per cent of carbohydrate.

Fats or Oils. – Fat is present in all foods. Thus in hay there is 3 per cent, in turnips there is 0.2 per cent, in cereals from 2 to 6 per cent, and in linseed as much 40 per cent. The body fat of animals depends on the proportion of the fatty acids, because these melt at different temperatures. Foods tending to make soft fat are linseed, rice meal, and maize, while those foods which have a tendency to make hard fat include cotton cake, coconut cake, barley, and bean meals.

Proteins. They are made up of amino – acids. There are many of these amino – acids, and the different proteins do not contain them all in the same prоportion. The practical importance of all this to the stock – owner is that he feeds his animals on a mixed diet.

Mineral Matter or Ash. The mineral matter, like the other constituents, is taken into the plant through the roots from the soil. Individual plants also have their own mineral pecularities; for example, the leguminous plants are rich in calcium; maize has a deficient in calcium, the wheat offals have an unbalanced mineral content.

Задание 4. Найдите в тексте и выпишите ответы на вопросы.

1. Сколько процентов воды содержится в сене?

2. Сколько процентов углеводов содержится в злаковых растениях?

3. Какие растения богаты кальцием?

Задание 5. Переведите текст.

Dairy Farming

Dairy cattle are bred to produce large quantities of milk. They are not as sturdy as beef cattle, and must be protected against bad weather. They also need more protection against diseases. They must be fed, watered, and milked on regular schedules.

Dairy cattle need large amounts of hay, silage, and grain. Silage is grass or grain crops cut while still green. The leaves and stalks are chopped into small pieces. It is stored in a silo in summer for use as winter feed. Winter food also includes strow, hay, turnip and cabbage. One milk cow eats about four thousand kilograms of silage and nine hundred kilograms of grain in a year. She also eats the grass from at least 0,75 hectare of good pasture, and drinks about thirty litres of water every day. The dairy cow uses these materials to produce milk.

The improvement of dairy cattle depends on conditions of feeding and keeping of animals. A cow can first be milked when her first calf is born. If the amount of milk produced from that time until a few weeks before the next calf is born (when the milk stops for a while) is weighed and added up, this is known as milk-recording. The period when a cow can be milked is called the lactation period. It normally lasts from two hundred and fifty to three hundred and five days. An average lactation yield is about five thousand litres but a very good cow may give up to nine thousand litres of milk in a lactation period.

For most herds, milking takes place indoors twice a day. Feeding can occur simultaneously with milking in the barn.

Задание 6. Найдите в тексте и выпишите ответы на вопросы.

1. Сколько длится лактационный период?

2. Что такое силос?

3. Сколько съедает силоса в год одна молочная корова?

Задание 7. Переведите текст.

Sheep feeding

Choose a place for feeding and install feeders so that it is convenient not only to the sheep, but also to their owners. The best option is a feeder with a sloping bottom, nursery. For an adult to be comfortable, she needs 20-25 cm.

When building a yard for walking, it is necessary to erect canopies that protect the sheep from sunlight in the hot season. Consider feeding sheep in advance. Even in the summer, the first days after the purchase, the sheep should be kept in the sheepfold without a break. Thus, they will get used to the new place of residence. At first, the animals are fed with cut grass.

The main diet for a day for an adult:

1. Meadow hay - 2 kg. If necessary, you can use 2 kg of straw and 1 kg of meadow hay.

2. Root crops - 2 kg.

3. Oat-barley mixture - 250 gr.

Young individuals eat 30-70% of the daily norm of an adult animal.

Power scheme:

1. Morning is hay.

2. In the afternoon - cereals and root crops.

3. In the evening - straw and hay.

In the summer, the flock grazes in the pasture and the cost of food is equal to zero. In case of poor grass stand, sheep are added to the diet concentrates, calculated at 300 g. for 1 individual. If there is no opportunity to graze the flock, then the animals should be fed with freshly cut grass. This is a very time consuming process.

When breeding sheep at home, it must be borne in mind that they require feed additives. Buy their pharmacy after consulting your veterinarian.

Salt-lizun and water should always be available to animals, even sheep drink on the pasture, keep this in mind.

Задание 8. Переведите текст.

Pig feeding

To breed pigs at home, you should first learn how to feed them correctly, or at least get general ideas about feeding and fattening.

At the age of the month, the piglet needs a lot of dairy products and milk-based cereals. Premixes, antibiotics are sure to be added to the food so that the animals grow healthy. Feeding pigs is carried out at a certain time several times a day. The amount of feed depends on the size of the individuals and their age.

From 2 to 4 months you can start giving vegetables, but potatoes (boiled) are given exclusively in the form of mashed potatoes. A lot of carrots are also fed, the grass is prematurely filled with boiling water.

An adult animal eats feed, grain mixtures, leftover food from the table, waste from the garden, mash of vegetables, root crops. You can give a few premixes, milk, meat waste, additives like meat and bone meal, silage in the winter, root crops, vegetables and other things.

Feeding is simple and affordable. Feed will need to acquire quality in order to achieve a rapid increase in body weight. The feed is absorbed by the animal by 30%.

Тема 4. Гигиена сельскохозяйственных животных

Задание 1. Составьте по текстам и выучите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Задание 2.Прочитайте тексты и выпишите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Текст 1. HOW TO KEEP ANIMALS HEALTHY AND PRODUCTIVE

Animal Husbandry. Livestock management is an art that has been developed from years of observation and experience in breeding and cariing for farm animals. The practitioner or specialist is called an animal husbandman. His duty is to keep the animals under his care in health and to nurse them when sick. He may be sure that he is doing everything within his power to maintain conditions most conductive to animal health if he will apply the fundamentals of livestock management briefly described in the following paragraphs.

1. Balanced Ration. - A sufficient quantity of palatable and nutritious feed is needed by animals in order to maintain their condition and production. Such a ration is one-balanced as to proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The properties of these components should be varied with the purpose for which the animals are kept. For instance, the ration of a high-producing dairy cow should include a relatively large amount of minerals and carbohydrates and should be fed according to the pounds of milk produced. Too much feed of excellent quality may be as injurious as too little;

2. Pure Water.- Drinking water should be supplied plentifully and be fresh and kept reasonably clean. For the dairy barn, individual drinking cups to keep water before the cows constantly are highly recommended. It is reported that they increase milk production 10 per cent. A supply of water should be available in yards and pastures. Care should be taken (следует проявить осторожность) to guard the water from filth of all kinds as polluted water is unfit for drinking purposes. The yellow-green scum that appears in troughs during the summer is not, in itself, harmful, but, it may catch and hold dangerous microbes. By emptying the water and thoroughly scrubbing the trough with a 5 per cent solution of blue vitriol this vegetable growth may be killed.

The drinking cups become foul through decomposition of accumulated refuse and saliva, so need similar attention from time to time. Domestic water supplies are made safe by chlorination.

3. Direct Sunlight.-Nature’s means of controlling diseases and promoting growth of both plants and animals is through the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Accordingly barns should be built with plenty of windows to admit an abundance of sunshine. To be most effective the sunlight must be direct, as the passing of the light through window glass filters out its growth-giving and germkilling properties.

4.Clean Stables. - Stables should be designed in order to keep the animals clean. Manure should be removed daily and drawn to the field or stored at some distance from the stable. Stables should be disinfected at least twice a year. Whitewashing the walls aids in maintaining sanitation. Attention should be paid to arrangement for making the barn work easy and to prevent crowding. Among the points which must be considered in planning the stables are the following: the site, the building materials, the walls, ceilings and floors, the lighting, and the drainage. Protection against fire by such means as fire hose and lightning rods is good insurance.

5. Grooming. - Keeping the hair and skin in good condition by grooming and occasional washing improves both the health and appearance of the animals. Such attention tends to promote cleanliness, especially of the milk. Wiping the udder and teats just before milking with a paper towel moistened with a solution of sodium hypochlorite is good practice.

6. Suitable Yards. - Barnyards, paddocks, and open pens provide places for animals to exercise and secure fresh air. They must be well drained and fenced, and sheltered from the wind. When animals are forced to wade through mud and ashes they are much more subject to diseases and injuries of the udder and feet. By concreting low places in the barnyard the nuisance of the mud-hole and wallow may be overcome. A platform of areaway of concrete is suggested as a good investment. If animals are fed in the yard, suitable rack should be provided to prevent wasting the feed and to keep it clean.

Текст 2.

CJSC Krivskoye was established in June 1992 on the basis of a state farm, which was a subsidiary farm of the city of Obninsk. The farm is 110 km away. from Moscow, at a distance of 4 km. from the city of Obninsk and from the nearest Obninskoye railway station. Its central estate is connected with the city of Obninsky and the administrative center of the district with the city of Borovsky on highways. The on-farm road network provides communication with settlements and crop rotations at all times of the year.

CJSC Krivskoye is engaged in breeding Kholmogorsk breed of cattle (received the status of a breeding plant for Kholmogorsk breed). The main area of work is dairy cattle breeding.

CJSC Krivskoye has two livestock farms. The first three months of calves are raised on a farm located in the village of Krivskoye. Then they are transferred to a farm in the village of Timashevo (located five kilometers from Krivsky), where they grow.

Their first insemination takes place there. About two weeks before calving, they are transferred again to Krivskoye.

There are two yards on the farm in Krivsky: the upper yard, on which there are two sections of highly productive cows, and the lower yard, where the venerable section, the maternity ward, dead and low-productivity cows are located.

CJSC Krivskoye is one of the largest diversified agricultural enterprises in the region, which specializes in the production of milk and vegetables on open ground. Milk is sold at dairies of Krivskoye Dairy Plant and Obninsky Dairy Plant LLC, a branch of Wimm-Bill-Dann OJSC.

CJSC Krivskoye has on its balance a dairy complex for 400 animals, two farms for keeping cattle in the amount of 1200 animals.

In January-April 2018, the gross milk production at Krivskoye CJSC amounted to 712 tons, milk yield per one average annual cow - 1782 kilograms, gross production of meat - 35.6 tons, gross growth of young cattle - 674 grams, average daily milk yield per one average annual cows - 15.4 kilograms.

As of May 1, 2018, 208 cattle were inseminated on the farm, including 136 cows; 125 offspring of cattle were obtained, including 98 from cows.

The main production indicators of CJSC Krivskoye related to livestock.

The name of indicators	Units	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018
Milk production	tons	4518	3655	2771	3200	2324
Cattle gain	tons	287	188	126	98,3	76,9
Milk sales	tons	4268	2391	2597	2115	2270
Flesh sales	tons	334	247	360	130	100
Milk cow yield	kilogram	6024	4874	4974	5749	5810
Average gain of cattle	gram	731	653	606	582	547
Offspring of cattle	head	873	911	656	548	458
Revenue from the sale of milk	million rubles	53,4	25,1	26,7	27,1	32,3
Revenues from the sale of flesh	million rubles	16,7	10,2	26,4	4,8	7,1

Текст 3. Brief description of the livestock facility

A dairy farm for cattle for 800 cows of the Ilyinsky state farm is located in the village of Ilyinsky, Slobodsky district, Kirov region.The farm specializes in milk production.The total land area is 6570 hectares, the area for agricultural land is 5690 hectares, the land for arable land is 4890 of which for grain crops is 2460 hectares, and for fodder crops 2430 hectares. This is a commercial dairy industry.The complex contains a total of 890 cattle, including dairy cows - 350 animals, dead cows 54 animals, heifers 108 animals, prophylactic calves 50 animals, calves aged 1 to 6 months, 142 animals, young animals aged 6 to 12 months 186 goals.The design capacity of the complex is designed for 800 cows, the actual filling of livestock buildings is 100%. The farm uses a stall-walking system and a tethered way of keeping animals.

This is a commercial dairy industry.The complex contains a total of 890 cattle, including dairy cows - 350 animals, dead cows 54 animals, heifers 108 animals, prophylactic calves 50 animals, calves aged 1 to 6 months, 142 animals, young animals aged 6 to 12 months 186 goals.The design capacity of the complex is designed for 800 cows, the actual filling of livestock buildings is 100%.The farm uses a stall-walking system and a tethered way of keeping animals.

Текст 4. Breeding sheep at home is one of the most profitable and promising areas of agriculture. Lamb, milk, wool, skin and fat are not the whole list of products that can be sold on the market at a high price and used for personal purposes, with minimal costs for the farmer.

For small estates and farms, raising and raising sheep at home is the best solution. A huge plus of this industry is the fact that grazing does not require a large area of ​​land, because the animals are kept tight and unpretentious in food. The profit for sheep breeding is large, while the costs pay off in the shortest possible time.

You should find a place for grazing sheep and build a shepherd, where it will be possible to keep animals in the cold season. Experts have found that for 10 females with lambs, a room of 40 m2 is enough. It should be borne in mind that in the cold season in the shepherd it is necessary to maintain a temperature of at least 10 degrees heat. Also, the structure should have a ventilation hole and be well protected from drafts.

The Romanovsk breed of sheep is very popular. The main reasons for breeding this population are:

1. The breed is fertile. The offspring of 1 ewe is 3 to 6 lambs.

2. Romanov sheep has a dense coat, and even during severe frosts, the cost of keeping them is minimal.

3. Individuals grow rapidly, so the farmer will receive meat in six months. The one-year-old ram reaches 80 kg.

4. A large amount of feed is not required for raising animals. Sheep can feed on moss, coarse straw, leaves, and dead grass.

5. By 5 months of age, individuals begin puberty. During the year, it is vividly exhibiting sexual activity, as a result, the population is rapidly increasing.

6. The products of the Romanovskaya breed are of high quality. Therefore, raising sheep at home quickly pays for itself and brings significant profits.

Breed content

For a household, novels are the most convenient since they are easy to maintain. In the cold season, one individual will need 3 m2 of enclosed space and up to 4 m per range. The walking area should contain a canopy and feeders.

If you have a room, you must prepare it before importing animals. In the future shepherd, you should carefully remove everything and throw out the garbage. After this, disinfection is carried out with a special solution. You can buy the drug at a veterinary pharmacy. Before work, be sure to read the instructions. After processing, the sheepherd must be weathered for at least a week.

If there is no room for keeping sheep, it should be built. The shepherd must be warm. This is required so that newborn lambs do not die. Particular attention is paid to humidity and ventilation. The floor can be made plank, clay or left earthen, you decide. Romanovka does not tolerate dampness, so you will need to change the litter constantly, as it becomes soiled. You can use straw or sawdust for these purposes.

Productivity

During the year, sheep are trimmed three times - in autumn, spring and summer. This is due to the molting seasons, because being late can lead to a loss in the quality of the coat. Romanovskaya breed is very productive:

1. A ram gives up to 3 kg of wool.

2. A farmer receives 1.5 kg of wool from a sheep.

But the breed is mainly bred as meat. The average ram weighs 70 kg, some individuals reach 100 kg, a sheep - from 40 to 50 kg.

Due to the constant readiness of sheep for breeding, you can choose the most convenient time for the appearance of offspring. Basically, up to 3 lambs are born, that is, one uterus is able to provide up to 100 kg of young mutton and 3 high-quality runes, if the lambs are slaughtered in 8 months. Because of these qualities, Romanov’s sheep are used for intensive meat production.

Текст 5. Pig breeding

As a rule, pig breeding is very beneficial. Piglets grow fast. For a year, the average piggy increases its weight by 140 times. And if you select the breed correctly, then you can achieve greater precocity.The output of marketable products is about 85%, while in cattle it rarely reaches 65%.Pigs are very productive. Over farrow they can bring up to 14 piglets!

To provide a family with lard and meat for a year, it is enough in early spring to buy two piglets and feed them throughout the entire warm period. They go to the slaughter towards the end of the warm season - before frosts. This allows you to save in the winter at the stern and warming the pigsty.

The pigsty is built so that up to 4 square meters are allocated for one piglet (feeding), while the sow needs 6 square meters. Inside should be everything you need: a place to sleep, a drain for waste, a trough for food and water. Of course, the crib must be reliable, ventilated.

The walking area depends on the number of individuals, but adhere to the same parameters as when calculating the volume of the pigsty. A canopy is also being equipped (not to the full area) so that the pigs can take cover and bask in the sun.

Pigs spend a huge amount of time on the walking platform. Fresh air helps build muscle and boost immunity. The bathhouse is very important.

If the female gives up to 14 piglets, the output of marketable products will reach 2-3 tons. If we talk about statistics, then for 2-3 years experienced breeders get up to 1000% of the profit in this business.

It is also recommended to add maintenance of the daily routine to the breeding conditions. Usually pigs at one time are released into the street, and at the same time they are driven into a stable for the night.

Piglets are immediately vaccinated after birth so as not to provoke the development of viral diseases, which can be dangerous for the entire livestock.

Several times during the season it is advisable to chase worms - this is extremely important, because parasites can affect not only the intestines, but also the meat itself. From time to time it will not be superfluous to bathe them in order to check the condition of the skin, to exclude the appearance of wounds, abscesses and other diseases.

The shed is removed as it becomes soiled. Pigs should be kept clean. The opinion that these are dirty animals that do not need comfort is a mistake

Тема 5. Бактерии и вирусы

Задание 1. Составьте по текстам и выучите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Viruses and malignant diseases in animals and poultry

About 80 years have passed from the moment of the iolation of a filterable virus by the Russian scientist D. Ivanovsky. Virology as science has made great progress since then. The most important discoveries in this field of science have taken place during last 30-40 years.

The most urgent problem which is of great interest both for physicians and veterinary doctors is the problem of studing oncogenic viruses, the causative agents of cancer in animals.

Viruses which cause leukemia and sarcoma in poultry have been isolated long ago.

H. Ellermann and T.Bang (1908) isolated the virus in avian leucosis and P. Rous (1911) discovered the causative agent in avian sarcoma.

Unfortunately, nobody paid attention to those findings for a long time.

In the thirtieth of the 20 century the above mentioned agents were used by medical scientists as models for investigations of some problems of viroil carcinogenesis.

Professor L.A. Zilberg, the Russian scientist, is the founder of virus – genetic origin of cancer. But Zilberg's hypothesis had a lot of opponents as the study of oncogenic viruses was not developed to a considerable extent. One of their main arguments was the fact that it was impossible to isolate the virus from a cancerous cell. In connection with the development of oncovirology it was established that the presence of the virus was not obligatory in the cell but its trace might be found there. This fact became evident after the discovery of revertase.

This ferment is always present in the viruses causing leukosis in poultry or mice.

Its presence showed a destructive action produced by the virus on the cell genome. In other words the virus affecting the genome of the cell converted it into a cancerous one. And, eventually, the virus might be present in the cell genome in a defective state as a provirus but under certain conditions it could involve the cell mechanism and change the cell into a malignant one.

These data brought triumph to the virus – genetic theory of cancer origin.

More and more evidence are accumulated in favour of this theory.

A large amount of oncogenic viruses, such as: DNK – type and RNK – type have been isolated and investigated.

Proper measures of cancer control can be found only in case the cause of the disease is known. Thus, people may hope that the study of virus – genetic theory will help to find in the comming future a magic “bullet” against cancer causing great social and moral damage.

BACTERIA

Bacteria were first seen in connection with the making of lenses and the testing of the qualities. The compound microscope was invented by J. and Z. Janssen in 1590, but for nearly a century it remained unnoticed had little practical value; and if during that time it ever revealed microorganisms, no record of the fact was made.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek-In Delft, Holland, in the seventeenth century, there lived a man who in his mature years ground lenses. As his interest lay in making better and better lenses it was natural that he should test them on all sorts of objects. In so doing he made many valuable discoveries. He appears to have been the first to see yeasts, red blood corpuscles, spermatozoa, various details of muscle and nerve tissue, and some of the protozoa, as well as bacteria. These last he found in rain water, in decaying matter, and in scrapings from his own teeth.

His first report of microscopic discoveries, in 1674, was followed by many others, including one on bacteria in 1683 which was illustrated with a picture. Because of their motility he thought them to be tiny animals, as did also zoologists for more than a century thereafter.

We now realize that Leeuwenhoek was a remarkable man. He had unusual powers of observation, patience, skill and ingenuity. Wholly without scientiflc training, he nevertheless had the true scientific spirit.

At that time no one suspected that these interesting little microorganisms had any economic significance, that some of them later would be included among man's greatest benefactors and others among his worst enemies.

Nearly two centuries passed before these facts were brought to light by Pasteur and his contemporaries.

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON BACTERIA

Bacteria are found almost everywhere. They encounter a wide range of conditions.

THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Physical factors in the environment affecting bacteria are 1) temperature, 2) moisture, 3) osmotic changes, 4) light, 5) other radiations, and 6) mechanical injury.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE

The temperature to which, bacteria are exposed may either destroy them or influence their activities favorably or adversely.

Injury by Heat.-Bacterial species vary greatly in their resistance to heat. The two genera, Bacillus and Clostridium, are made up of spore formers, and the spores of some species can withstand steam heat above the boiling point for a half-hour or longer. Most kinds of non-spore-forming bacteria are killed if heated in a liquid medium for a few minutes at 60° C.

In determining the heat resistance of bacteria several factors have to be considered jointly: 1) the degree of temperature, 2) the length of time during which the bacteria are exposed to the heat, 3) whether the bacteria are heated in a moist or a dry condition, 4) the hydrogenion concentration of the medium in which the bacteria are heated, and 5) the character of the medium in other respects. For example, bacteria are killed at a lower temperature in water than in cream.

The first two of these conditions are self-explanatory. The presence of moisture makes bacteria more susceptible to heat, probably because the proteins of their protoplasm are more readily coagulated when wet than when dry. In laboratory practice dry glassware is sterilized at a temperature about 40° C higher than is used for culture media, and generally the time of heating is much longer. With regard to the hydrogenion concentration of the medium in which the bacteria are heated, it has been abundantly shown that even a slight increase in acidity or alkalinity from the neutral point increases the effectiveness of the heat. For this reason acid fruits are more easily sterilized than vegetables or meats.

As a common basis for comparative studies in heat resistance of bacteria a thermal death point is sometimes determined. Unfortunately there is not complete uniformity in the definitions of the thermal death point, but the following is in good repute; "The thermal death point is the least degree of heat required to kill all the individuals when heated in standard nutrient broth for ten minutes". Note that all five of the factors named above are taken account of in a thermal death point test carried out by this defmition. As some kinds of bacteria, however, are not commonly grown in nutrient broth the character of the medium is sometimes varied.

Since the different individuals in a culture vary greatly in their resistance to heat, some dying much more quickly than others at the thermal death point, a thermal death rate is sometimes preferred, although it is more difficult to determine.

Where a fixed temperature of heating is used, as in canneries, a thermal death time is sometimes determined, i.e., the time required to kill the organisms when heated at a temperature previously determined upon. This temperature is usually above the boiling point, and, if so, its signifcance is with reference to spore-forming organisms.

Injury by low temperature.-Very few kinds of bacteria are killed by cooling down to 0° C, although some species of Neisseria fail to survive this temperature if kept there in a moist state. Even most pathogens of warm-blooded animals may live for months in a refrigerator.

Actual freezing, however, must be looked upon as lethal to vegetative cells; but it is not injurious to spores, which contain very little free water. Just how freezing kills bacteria is not certain, although the mechanical action of the ice crystals is strongly suspected of being responsible. Freezing bacteria suspended in water is much more fatal to them than freezing in cream or other material that does not become so solid. Slow freezing at the temperature of an ice-salt mixture (about -16°C) is more effective than freezing very quickly at the temperature of liquid air (about -190°C.). It has also been found that repeated freezing and thawing is much more lethal than continuous freezing. About seven repeated freezings at close intervals are sufficient to kill all the individuals of the typhoid organism in a very young broth culture in less than two hours, whereas they will live for several weeks if kept continuously frozen.

Effects of ttemperature on physiological activities. Bacteria are much influenced by temperatures within a range not fatal to them. For each species and each physiological activity we must recognize three cardinal points of temperature-a maximum, an optimum, and a minimum.

Such a wide range of temperature requirements is found in different species of bacteria that a thermal grouping has-been set up, 1) Thermophiles are those that grow best at relatively high temperatures, with a temperature range of 30° C to 80° C. 2) Mesophiles are those that grow best at moderate temperatures, with a temperature range of 10° C to 45° C. 3) Psychrophiles are those that grow best at relatively low temperatures, with a temperature range of 0° C to 25° C. It will be noted that there is considerable overlapping in the temperature range for growth of the three groups - i.e., that the minimum for one group is considerably below the maximum for another. There is also considerable variation in temperature range of the different species in a group. The optimum temperatures run about as follows: thermophiles 50° to 60°C, mesophiles 30° to 37°C, and psychrophiles 15° to 20°C.

Thermophiles are particularly troublesome in the daily indushy, as even their vegetative cells withstand pasteurization. Mesophiles include all the common forms that grow best at room and blood temperatures. Psychrophiles develop in cold soils and even in the refrigerator.

We use the term "microphile” for bacteria that have a narrow range of temperature for growth –i.e., whose maximum and minimum temperatures are relatively close together. For example, the gonococcus will show very little growth above 40° C or below 30° C, whereas by contrast Escherichia coli has a range from about 44°C to about 8°C. Most microphiles are mesophilic, with a temperature range between 30° and 40° C.

In general, the optimum temperature is much closer to the maximum than to the minimum. This is shown by the two species mentioned above, both of which have an optimum of 37° C. When bacteria are submitted to temperatures a little above the maximum or below the minimum they are not killed but go into a relatively dormant state.

Injury by mechanical means

Bacteria are so minute that they escape most forms of mechanical injury that menace larger being, although crushing conceivably takes place under some conditions. The injurious effects of freezing may be due in part at least to pressure of the ice crystals.

Submitting cultures to intense atmospheric pressure has yielded some interesting results. Such experiments indicate that about 600 atmospheres of pressure are required to inhibit growth, and killing of vegetative cells requires about 6,000 atmospheres, while killing of spores calls for about 12,000 atmospheres. Bacteria do not encounter such conditions except under the influence of man.

Report of the effects of mechanical vibration on bacterial cultures have been somewhat conflicting. Shaking liquid cultures that contain solid particles of foreign materials such as glass will, of course, crush some of the cells, but in the absence of such foreign materials shaking at low speed does very little injury. Vibrations of very high frequency have been shown to have an injurious effect, even disintegrating the cells.

EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC CHANGES

For the most part bacteria thrive best in solution isotonic with their own body liquids. .

To best appreciate the behaviour of liquid suspensions and solutions in the presence of an osmotic membrane two things should be realized: I) that colloidal particles are relatively inactive, and show but little tendency to pass through such a membrane; and 2) that, if a permeable membrane separates two solutions. Each substance in the solutions - the water or other solvent and each thing dissolved in it - will tend to pass through the membrane from the side where it is most concentrated to the side where its concentration is less. Osmosis is, then, a process of equalizing the concentmtion of each substance on the two sides of the membrane.

Bacteria can be injured and in some cases even killed by osmotic changes. If bacteria are placed in distilled water, the water diffuses through their cell membranes to the inside, where it is less concentrated, and the cells may be swollen, injured, and in some cases killed. Placed in a concentrated sugar solution, the water of the cell diffuses out through the cell membranes to the sugar solution, in which it is less concentrated, and the cell becomes plasmolyzed, i.e., the protoplasm is shriveled. If the damage done by osmotic pressure is not too great the cell may gradually adjust itself to the new condition.

A LITTLE ABOUT VIRUSES

Development of Virology.--In 1892 the Russian scientist D. I. Ivanovsky published an article on the reproduction of tobacco mosaic disease with the help of an unicellular extract. Since that time virology began to develop.

In 1911 P. Rous discovered that sarcoma of the fowl could be transmitted by an agent separable from the tumour cells. It was the second large stage in the history of virology.

Genuine revolution in virology was connected with the introduction of monolayer cell culture method for cultivation of viruses. With the help of this hundreds of unknown viruses were isolated and identified.

In our days virology took a new incentive owing to impetuous development of biochemistry, biophysics and other fundamental sciences.

Modern molecular biology suggested a number of delicate and effective methods both for the isolation and investigation of viruses. They are: electron microscopy, ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis in gels, fractionation on different absorbents, isoelectrofocusing and many others.

In its tum virology gave some original methods for immunology, microbiology and some other sciences.

Classification.-There is no really scientific classification of viruses up to date. We do not know about origin and evolution of viruses well enough, but every scientific classification is based on evolutionary principles.

Classification of V. M. Zhdanov and S. Ya. Gaidamovitch is accepted today in the world.

There are some cardinal properties which differ viruses from other organisms and prove that they are not substances but living units: 1) presence of only one of two nucleic acids in the compound of virus, 2) absence of autonomous metabolism and its connection with cell-master's metabolism, 3) absence of cellular structures, 4) disjunctive mode of reproduction.

This mode consists of separable synthesis of viral components in a cell with subsequent connection of them into the whole viral particle-virion.

So far as viruses differ ij'om animals and plants, they are isolated into the independent kingdom-Vira (Viruses).

According to two types of genetic substance viruses are divided into the RNA-viruses (viruses containing ribonucleic acid) and DNA-viruses (viruses containing desoxiribonucleic acid). There are 9 families in the DNA-subtype and 12 in the RNA-subtype.

Morphology.-There are two large groups of viruses, which differ one from another morphologically. The first group includes viruses of simple structure. They consist of only RNA or DNA and protein subunits connected with nucleic acid. Tobacco Mosaic Virus is the most well-known representative of this group.

The viruses of the second group consist, at least, of three architecturalelements. i. e. a nucleic acid located in the middle of virion a capsule, and an envelope the latter frequently consists of some smaller elements.

It is difficult to tell about virus morphology generally, because every type of virus has too many partieuim features and differences.

Chemical Composition.- Simple viruses consist of two substances: ribo - or deoxiribonucleie acid and proteins. Viral proteins do not differ from animal or plant ones neither in architecture not in aminoacids composition.

The viruses of the second group such as Influenza virus have in their composition nucleic acid, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Chemicai composition of the latter two is similar to the chemical composition of carbohydrates and lipids of the cellmaster.

Тема 6. Болезни животных и птиц

Задание 1. Выучите лексический минимум для продуктивного усвоения.

1. a desease [di'ziz] – болезнь, заболевание

2. a bleeding ['bli:diŋ] – кровотечение

3. severe [si'viə] – тяжёлый

4. a mamps [mΛmps] – свинка

5. a malaria [mə'lعəriə] – малярия

6. a measles [mizlz] – корь

7. a pneumonia [nju'məuniə] - пневмония

8. a bronchitis ['broŋ'kaitis] - бронхит

9. an inflammation [infləmeiƒn] – воспаление

10. a rickets ['rikits] – рахит

11. an appendicitis [ə'pendi'saitis] – аппендицит

12. a diphtheria [difǾiəriə] - дифтерия

13. contagious [kən'teiʤəs] – заразный

14. a hepatitis ['hepətaitis] - гепатит

15. a jaundice [ʤo:ndis] – желтуха

16. a convalescence [ konvə'lesns] – выздоровление

17. a complication [kompli'keiƒn] – осложнение

18. a cough [kof] – кашель

19. a chickenpox ['tƒikinpoks] – ветряная оспа, ветрянка

20. a poliomyelitis [poulioumaiə'laitis] - полиемиелит

21. a typhoid ['taifəs] - тиф (сыпной, брюшной)

22. a tonsillitis ['tansə'laitis] - тонзиллит, ангина

23. an angina [æn'ʤainə] - ангина

24. a tetanus ['tetənəs] – столбняк

25. a bird flu [bə:d'z flu:] - птичий грипп

26. an avian flu ['eiviən flu:] - птичий грипп

27. a swine flu [swain flu:] - свиной грипп

28. FMD (foot-and-mouth desease) [fut-ænd-mauǾ-di'ziz] - ящур

29. an anthrax ['ænǾrəks]- сибирская язва

30. a siberian ulcer [saibiriən 'Λlser] - сибирская язва

Задание 2. Прочитайте тексты для изучающего чтения, переведите и выпишите ответы на вопросы

Тексты для изучающего чтения:

Anthrax

Anthrax is an acute, especially dangerous infectious disease that occurs in humans and animals, with the formation of specific carbuncles on the skin, or in a septic form.

The source of infection in the natural environment are wild animals, in settlements are livestock (large and small), infection occurs by contact. The incubation period of the anthrax is 3-5 days on average. Diagnosis is carried out in 3 stages: microscopy of sputum or skin elements, bakopase, bioassay in laboratory animals. Anthrax is treated with penicillins. When cutaneous it is combined with local treatment of ulcers and carbuncles.

Bacteria spores form in contact with oxygen, in this form can persist in the environment for a long time (several years in water, decades in the soil). Bacteria spores die by boiling and disinfection.

In animals, anthrax proceeds in a generalized form, infectiousness occurs throughout the entire disease (animals excrete the pathogen with feces) and within 7 days after death. Skin, wool and products of their processing can remain contagious for many years.

Infection of animals occurs when eating food or water containing anthrax spores, or when biting insects that carry the pathogen from sick animals, infected corpses.

Most often, people become infected by contact with sick animals and processing carcasses, making items from animal raw materials, cooking contaminated meat.

Sanitary and hygienic measures to prevent the incidence of anthrax include veterinary and sanitary measures, the task of which is to identify, control and sanitize epidemiological foci, monitor the condition of pastures, water sources, livestock farms, vaccination of animals, burial of fallen cattle.

Задание. Найдите в тексте и выпишите ответы на вопросы.

1. Каким образом животные могут заразиться сибирской язвой?

2. Каким образом люди могут заразиться сибирской язвой?

3. Какие задачи стоят перед санитарно-гигиенические службой по профилактике заболеваемости сибирской язвой?

Swine influenza

Swine influenza is an animal and human disease caused by the serotype A (H1N1) influenza virus and prone to pandemic spread. In its current swine flu resembles the usual seasonal flu (fever, weakness, body aches, throat swelling, rhinorrhea), but differs from it in some features (the development of dyspeptic syndrome). Diagnosis is based on clinical signs; Studies are being conducted to determine the type of virus. Treatment of swine flu involves the appointment of antiviral and symptomatic (antipyretic, antihistamines, etc.) funds.

Swine flu is an acute respiratory viral infection transmitted from pigs to humans and within the human population. The envelope of the virus contains specific proteins - hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, which facilitate the attachment of the virus to the cell and its intracellular penetration. The swine flu virus is unstable in the external environment: it is quickly inactivated by heating, by exposure to traditional disinfectants and ultraviolet, but it can take a long time to lower temperatures.

Most people tolerate swine flu in mild form and completely recover. Heavy forms of infection develop in 5% of cases. Lethal outcomes in swine flu are less than 4% of cases. Nonspecific prophylaxis of swine flu is similar to other acute respiratory viral infections: exclusion of contacts with persons with signs of a cold, frequent washing of hands with soap, hardening of the body, ventilation and disinfection of premises during the season of rising virus infections. For specific prevention of swine flu vaccine recommended Grippol et al.

Ответьте на вопросы:1) What is swine flu? 2) Can swine flu be transmitted to people?

3) What are the clinical signs (symptomas) associated with swine flu?

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis in chickens is a disease of the intestinal tract, caused by microscopic-celled animals called coccidia. It is a disease of major economic importance. The coccidia multiply in the intestine and in this process they destroy cells normally used by the chicken for digestion and absorption. In the more serve types of coccidiosis, there are serious cell dislocations, inflammation, hemorrage and death of birds. In its acute form, coccidiosis causes high death loss and weakening of birds. In the more chronic forms, coccidiosis causes lowering of egg production. In addition, the disease may cause a stress in the flock that permits other infectious to become established.

There are six species of coccidiosis which are generally considered to be significant for chickens: E. tenella, E. drunetti, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E.mitis and E. acervulina. Each of these species prefers to live in and damage a specific region of the gut. For the purposes of treatment and prevention of coccidiosis it is unimportant to ascertain which species is causing disease in your birds and in many cases several species may be working together to cause disease.

Coccidia pass through various stages of development, starting and ending with coccidial oocyst. Coccidiosis spreads from bird to bird through eating or drinking contaminated food or water, litter, or other material containing coccidia. Oocysts may be carried by mechanical means (man, equipment and insects) from one place to another. The main source of infection is the chickens themselves.

Задание. Найдите в тексте и выпишите ответы на вопросы.

1. Что такое кокцидиоз?

2. Как распространяется кокцидиоз?

3. Причиной чего может стать кокцидиоз?

MAMMAlS AS VECTORS OF HUMAN DISEASES

There are many carriers of infectious zoonotic diseases, both protozoan and helminthic, among mammals.

Many of these vectors belong to the order of ungulates; brucellosis and tuberculosis are transmitted through the milk of cows, goats, and sheep; goat's milk is also a vehicle of the virus of spring-summer encephalitis; horned cattle are a source of human infestation with anthrax and foot-and mouth disease; horses transmit glanders. Beef that has not been sufficiently cooked presents a threat of infestation with the beef tapeworm, while pork can be the source of infestation with the pork tapeworm and of trichinosis.

Representatives of the order of carnivores, particularly stray dogs, are potential vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (kalaazar). Domestic dogs and cats are a source of rabies and toxoplasmosis in man. In certain areas 40 per cent of the local dogs are vectors of toxoplasmosis. Dogs and wild carnivores as well as cats, are responsible for the spread of some helminthic diseases.

The order of rodents is very important medically, it is the most numerous order, of the mammals (as regards species). The incisors of these animals are shaped like chisels; having no roots they grow throughout the life of the antmal. Since the food of rodents consists of hard bark, grain, etc,; their incisors are constantly worn down, and therefore never become over-long.

Many rodents are crops pests, and many are vectors and reservoirs of grave infections. Among the vectors are mice, rats, hamsters, gophers, voles, etc.

Plague, tularaemia, and, other tnfectlons can be transmitted through rodents. Tularaemia, for instance, penetrates the mucous membranes and skin if persons who drink water drawn from source contaminated by infested animals; it is also transmitted by ticks and bloodsucking insects, canying the infection from rodents to man.

Задание 3. Опишите какое-либо заболевание (по образцу)

Литература

1. Образцов П.И., Иванова О.Ю. Профессионально-ориентированное обучение иностранному языку на неязыковых факультетах ВУЗов. Орёл: ОГУ,2015.

2. Гальскова Н.Д. Современная методика обучения иностранному языку: Пособие для учителя. М: АРКТИ – Глосса, 2016

3. Образцов П.И., Ахулкова А.И., Черниченко О.Ф. Проектирование и конструирование профессионально-ориентированной технологии обучения. Орёл, 2055

4. Белоусова А.Р., Мельчина О.П. Английский язык для студентов сельскохозяйственных ВУЗов: Учебное пособие.- СПб.: Изд. «Лань», 2016

Интернет-ресурсы

1. http: //www.//multiurok.ru/uchitel-154

2. http: //www.actilingua.com

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