The simple present tense
(Простое настоящее время)
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I work He She } works It We You } work They | Do I work? he Does { she } work? it we Do { you } work? they | I do not work ( don’t work ) He She } does not work It (doesn’t work) We You } do not work They (don’t work) |
Утвердительная форма Simple Present для всех лиц (кроме 3 – го лица единственного числа) совпадает с формой инфинитива (без to).
В 3 – м лице единственного числа глаголы принимают окончание – s или – es.
Окончание –s 3 – го лица единственного числа произносится после звонких согласных и гласных – [z], а после глухих согласных – [s]: He reads [ri:dz]. He plays [pleiz]. He works [wә:ks].
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на ss, ch, sh, x (т.е. на шипящие или свистящие согласные звуки), принимают в 3 – м лице единственного числа окончание - es, которое произносится [is]: He passes ['pa:siz]. He washes ['wә∫iz]. He fixes ['fiksiz]. He teaches ['ti:t∫iz].
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на –y с предшествующей согласной, меняют в 3 – м лице единственного числа y на i и принимают окончание –es: I study – he studies ['st^diz].
Глаголы, оканчивающиеся на –y с предшествующей гласной, образуют 3 – е лицо единственного числа по общему правилу, т.e. путем прибавления – s: I play – he plays [pleiz].
Глаголы to go, to do принимают в 3 – м лице единственного числа окончание –es: He goes, he does.
Вопросительная и отрицательная форма Simple Present образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do (do со всеми лицами, кроме 3 – го лица ед. числа с которым употребляется does). В разговорной речи часто употребляются сокращенные формы don’t и doesn’t:
Ты играешь в теннис? - Do you play tennis?
Он играет в шахматы? - Does he play chess?
Когда она обедает? - When does she have dinner?
Я не играю в шахматы. – I don’t play chess?
Вопросы к подлежащему имеют прямой порядок слов, то есть порядок слов повествовательного предложения.
Кто знает эту девочку? - Who knows this girl?
Simple Present употребляется:
Для выражения обычного, постоянного, повторяющегося действия:
Мой брат хорошо говорит по – немецкий. - My brother speaks German well.
Она много читает. – She reads much.
Джейн не играет в теннис. – Jane doesn’t play tennis.
Для Simple Present характерно употребление следующих адвербиальных сочетаний: every day(morning, evening )каждый день (утро, вечер), in the morning утром,in the evening вечером, in the afternoon днем. Эти словосочетания ставятся либо в конце, либо в начале предложения.
Он приходит сюда каждый день. – He comes here every day.
Вечером я читаю газеты или смотрю телевизор. – In the evening I read newspapers or watch TV.
С Simple Present часто употребляются наречия неопределенного времени usually обычно, sometimes иногда, often часто, never никогда, seldom редко,always всегда, occasionally изредка, иногда. Наречия неопределенного времени обычно ставятся перед смысловым глаголом. Однако в повествовательном предложении с глаголом to be эти наречия ставятся после глагола to be.
He usually goes to the library on Sunday.
But: Jack is often late.
2. Для выражения действия, совершающегося в момент речи (вместо Present Continuous), с глаголами, не употребляющимися во временах группы Continuous (to see, to hear, to want и др.).
Я вижу автомобиль на улице. – I see a car in the street.
3. Для выражения действия в будущем, когда речь идет о заранее намеченном действии.
Мы отправляемся завтра в 8 часов. – We start at 8 o’clock tomorrow.
Образование
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
Vj (первая форма глагола = инфинитив без to) I / you / we / they mean He / she / it means | do (does) + Vj Do I / you / we / they mean? Does he / she / it mean? | don't (doesn't) I / you / we / they don't mean he / she / it doesn't mean |
Особые случаи
• Глагол to be имеет в Present Simple особые формы и не требует вспомогательного глагола для образования вопроса и отрицания.
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I am / I'm you /we /they are / you're he / she / it is / he's | Ami? Are you / we / they? Is he / she / it? | I am not / I'm not you / we / they are not / you're not (aren't) he / she / it is not / he's not (isn't) |
• Глагол to have в 3-м лице имеет форму единственного числа has.
Не has neither brothers nor sisters. — У него нет ни братьев, ни сестер.
Отрицательные и вопросительные формы этого глагола в Present Simple могут строиться как при помощи вспомогательного глагола do (does), так и без него:
Do you have a computer? /. Have you a computer? — У тебя есть компьютер?
She doesn't have any flowers at home. / She hasn't any flowers at home. — У нее дома нет цветов.
Значение и употребление
1. Для обозначения обычных, повторяющихся действий в настоящем времени:
Each summer we go to the sea. — Каждое лето мы уезжаем на море. Do you always drink so much coffee? — Ты всегда пьешь так много кофе? I never eat after 6 o'clock in the evening. — Я никогда не ем после шести часов, вечера.
2. Для обозначения частых действий: How often do you go to the dentist? — Как часто вы ходите к стоматологу? She calls her children every two hours. — Она звонит своим детям каждые два часа.
3. Для выражения признака, постоянного характеризующего лицо или предмет:
She likes long walks. — Ей нравятся
долгие прогулки.
Where do they live? — Где они живут?
4. Для обозначения простых фактов и общеизвестных истин (это время характерно для пословиц и поговорок):
The Earth goes around the Sun. — Земля вращается вокруг Солнца. A friend in need is a friend indeed. — Друзья познаются в беде.
5. Для обозначения действия или состояния, происходящих в момент речи, если они выражены глаголами, которые не употребляются в формах продолженного времени (Continuous Tenses):
What do you want? — Что ты хочешь? This house belongs to my friends. — Этот дом принадлежит моим друзьям.
6.Для выражения будущих действий или состояний в придаточных предложениях времени, уступки и условия после союзов when, till, until, as soon as, before, after, if, unless, in case, on condition that, even if (в соответствующих русских предложениях употребляется будущее время).
You can talk to him as soon as he finishes his breakfast. — Ты можешь поговорить с ним, как только он доест свой завтрак.
I'll call the police if you don't leave me alone. — Я вызову полицию, если ты не оставишь меня в покое.
7. Для обозначения событий, которые произойдут в будущем в соответствии с планом или расписанием, календарных событий, а также запланированных действий, которые, как правило, не зависят от воли говорящего или других лиц (такое же употребление настоящего времени есть и в русском языке):
The film starts at 19.30. — Фильм начнется в 19.30.
When is the next solar eclipse? — Когда (будет) следующее солнечное затмение?
Характерные слова и фразы
always, ever, as a rule, never, every day (week, morning, year, etc.), now and then, from time to time, generally, seldom, usually, regularly, rarely, often, daily, sometimes.
Daily routine
I get up at a quarter to seven. I jump out of bed, switch on the tape-recorder and do my morning exercises to the tape-recorder music. Then I go to the bathroom, wash myself and clean my teeth with a tooth-brush. This does not take me much time, not more than ten or fifteen minutes. Then I dress and sit down at the table to have my breakfast. I usually have a cup of tea or coffee, an egg and bread and butter.
After breakfast I go to the University. As I live far away, I go by bus. It takes me 20 minutes to go by bus. My lessons begin at 8.30 o’clock. We have lectures in different subjects every day. Sometimes it is very hard to wait till they end.
Usually I don’t miss my classes because I want to pass my exams successfully .But sometimes I do ,especially when the weather is fine and the classes are boring.
As I cannot get home for lunch I take it at the dining-room of our University. For lunch I have meat or fish with potatoes and a cup of strong tea or coffee with a pie. At ten minutes to two the lessons are over and I go home. When I get home from the University, I have dinner. I have some soup, then some meat or fish. After dinner I help my mother to wash up the dishes. Then I do my lessons. This usually takes me about two hours.
At eight or nine o’clock I have supper. I have some salad, a slice of sausage and bread, milk or sereal. In the evening I listen to the radio or watch TV. If the programme is not interesting, I go to the cinema or to the theatre. Sometimes I go for a walk with my friends. We talk about different things and usually have a good time. At 11 o’clock I go to bed.
Tell about your typical day.The following questions will help you:
1. When do you get up?
2. Do you do your morning exercises?
3. How much time does it take you to do your morning exercises, to wash and dress?
When do you leave home?
How do you get to your University/
Do you prefer to go by bus or to walk?
How much time does it take to get to your University?
How many lessons have you every day?
When are your lessons over?
When do you come home?
What do you do at home?
Where do you go in the evening?
How do you spend your free time?
At what time do you go to bed?
b)
How many meals a day have you?
What do you have for breakfast?
Where do you have your lunch?
What do you have for dinner?
Insert prepositions at or on.
1.I get up _____ seven o’clock or ____ a quarter past seven. 2.____ Sunday I usually get up ______ nine o’clock or ______ half past nine. But last Sunday I slept very long and got up only ____ noon. 3. My birthday is _____ the ninth of July. 4. The academic year begins _____ the first of September. 5._____ the twenty – fifth of December people celebrate Christmas. 6.____ Wednesday I usually have a lot of homework. 7. They returned from the wood _____ sunset. 8. I began writing my composition ____ seven o’clock and finished only _____ midnight.
1. Insert articles where necessary:
I usually have . . . breakfast at eight o’clock. I like to have . . . hot breakfast in . . . morning. What do you usually have for . . . breakfast? I usually have . . . eggs, bread, butter and tea for breakfast. It is . . . very substantial breakfast, isn’t it? . . . breakfast to-day is very good. I like to have . . . dinner at home. In summer we have . . . very simple dinner at home. . . . dinner is already cold; we must warm it up. I have . . . supper with my friend three times . . . week. It is pleasant to play . . . chess in . . . evening after . . . good supper. . . . dinner is over. . . . supper is ready.
“What time do you get up in summer?”
“As soon as the first ray of the sun comes into my window.”
“Isn’t that rather early?”
“No, my room faces west.”
Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics;
1.Your working day
2.The usual weekend at home
3.The best day of your life
4.A holiday spent with your friends or relatives
5.The working day of famous people
Времена группы Continuous ( Continuous Tenses)
Настоящее продолженное время ( The Present Continuous Tense )
Present Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем времени ( am, is, are ) и причастия настоящего времени смыслового глагола:
I am reading.
He is reading.
We are reading.
Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to be ( am, is, are ) перед подлежащим, например:
Am I reading?
Is he reading?
Are they reading?
Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например:
I am not reading.
He is not reading.
We are not reading.
Present Continuous употребляется для действия, происходящего в данный момент настоящего времени:
I am speaking now. Я разговаривая сейчас
The boy is running. Мальчик бежит
They are doing their laboratory work. Они делают лабораторную работу
Present Simple | Present Continuous |
I think he's a good writer. — Я думаю, что он хороший писатель. Do you see what worries me? — Ты понимаешь, что меня беспокоит? She doesn't look tired. — Она не выглядит уставшей. | I'm thinking about his offer. — Я думаю о ето предложении. He's seeing the doctor tomorrow. — Он завтра идет к врачу. Why is he looking at this house? — Почему он смотрит на этот дом? |
Прошедшее длительное время ( The Past Continuous Tense )
Past Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в прошедшем времени ( was, were ) в сочетании с причастием настоящего времени смыслового глагола:
Was I speaking.
They were speaking.
Вопросительная форма образуется путем постановки вспомогательного глагола to be ( was, were ) перед подлежащим, например:
Was I speaking?
Were they speaking?
Отрицательная форма образуется путем постановки отрицания not после вспомогательного глагола, например:
I was not speaking.
They were not speaking.
Past Continuous употребляется:
1) когда точно указано время ( или отрезок времени ) совершения действия в прошлом:
I was writing a letter at 8 o' clock Я писал письмо в 8 часов вчера вечером.
Yesterday
2) когда совершено два действия в прошлом и одно из них имеет продолженную форму ( Past Continuous ), а другое – законченную форму ( Past Indefinite ):
Past was going to school when he Петя шел в школу, когда он встретил
met his friend своего друга. ( Петя шел в школу до
встречи с другом и после, поэтому это
действие рассматривается как длительное
и выражается глаголом в Past Continuous)
She was reading when her mother Она читала, когда вошла мама. ( Она
Entered the room. читала до прихода мамы в течение
какого-то времени, поэтому это действие
рассматривается как длительное и
выражается глаголом в Past Continuous ).
Будущее продолженное (длительное) время (Future Continuous (Progressive))
Образование
to be в форме Future Simple (will / shall be) + Vtag |
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I / we will / shall ('11) be going you / he / she / it / they will (41) be going | Will / Shall I / we be going? Will you / he / she / it / they be going? | I / we will not (won't) / shall not (shan't) be going you / he / she / it / they will not (won't) be going |
Значение и употребление
1. Для, обозначения действия, которое будет продолжаться в определенный момент в будущем; на этот момент указывает обстоятельство времени будущего времени или другое будущее действие:
This time tomorrow you will be going in a train to the south. — Завтра в это же время вы будете ехать в поезде на юг.
When he comes home today the children will be sleeping. — Когда он сегодня вернется домой, дети будут уже спать.
2. Для обозначения действия, которое будет продолжаться определенный период времени в будущем:
We will be spending the whole summer at my friends' in Tver. — Мы будем проводить все лето у друзей в Твери. Will she be doing yoga from 9 to 10? —
Она будет заниматься йогой с девяти до десяти?
3. Для обозначения действия в будущем, которое воспринимается говорящим как очевидное или которое совершается ненамеренно с его стороны:
I will be seeing her at school on Monday. I can talk to her then. — В понедельник я увижусь с ней в школе. Вот тогда я могу с ней и поговорить. You must hurry. Your mother will be worrying about you. — Тебе нужно торопиться. Твоя мама будет о тебе беспокоиться.
Характерные слова и выражения
when I see him..., at 10 o'clock, the whole day (month, year, etc.), at the moment, this time tomorrow, soon.
Основная характеристика продолженных времен
Употребление продолженного времени всегда предполагает наличие какого-либо действия. В английском языке есть глаголы, которые обычно не употребляются в продолженных временах, так как они обозначают не действие, а состояние. Поэтому такие глаголы употребляются в форме не продолженного, а простого времени.
Глаголы, не употребляющиеся в продолженных временах
1. глаголы восприятия: see, hear, taste, smell, touch, feel.
2. глаголы чувств: admire, doubt, fear, forgive, envy, respect, etc.
3. глаголы впечатления: seem, surprise, satisfy, please, astonish, etc.
4. глаголы умственной деятельности: know, recognize, imagine, remember, under-, stand, etc.
5. глаголы предпочтения и желания: love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, want, wish, etc.
6.глаголы принадлежности: have, belong, own, possess, owe, etc.
7.глаголы, выражающие абстрактные отношения: be, cost, include, depend, consist, etc.
The time-table
When you enter the hall of our University you can see the time-table on the wall. There are always many students standing near the time-table and looking for the number of the auditoriums where they must go to. There are many institutes at our University and each institute has its own time-table.
Our classes begin at 8.30 o’clock in the morning. We have six or eight hours a day with a break. Our time—table includes general educational subjects, obligatory and optional subjects, practice, tutorials. In the first year all the students study the same general educational subjects: they are Kazakh, Russian, Philosophy, a foreign Language (English, German, French), sciences (physics, mathematics, chemistry), social sciences, including the history of Kazakhstan. They get physical training. The students also begin to study spesialized subjects. For example: they are either computer science, engineering graphics and organic chemistry ,inorganic chemistry and applied mathematics or others. We have lectures, practice and laboratory works.
The time-table includes subjects, the names of the professors, senior-teachers, docents, lecturers, tutors, time and auditorium numbers for each day of the week. Near the time-table there is an advertisement board advertizing running meetings, socials, club and society sittings.
Answer the questions:
Where is the time-table in your University?
When do your classes begin, and when are they over?
What subjects does your time-table include?
What does the time-table show?
What does an advertisement board run?
How many hours have you today?
What is the time-table for today?
The media: press, radio and television.
Mass media (that is the press, the radio and television) play a great and and very important role in the life of a modern man. They inform, educate and entertain people. They also influence the way people look at the events and sometimes make them change their views. Mass media usually create public opinion. There is practically no family that does not receive one or two newspapers and magazines. Millions of people watch TV, read newspapers, magazines in their spare time. Newspapers give more detailed reviews of political life, culture and sport. There are many newspapers in our country: “Egemen Kazakhstan”, “Kazakhstanskaya Pravda”, “Aksham”, “Arguments and Facts”, “Karavan“, ”Ontustuk Kazakhstan” and many others. Every newspapers has its readers. People listen to the radio while driving a car. On the radio one can hear music, plays, news and various discussion of current events. There is a lot of advertising in mass media. Many TV channels, radio stations and newspapers are owned by different corporations. The owners can advertise whatever they choose. But we cannot say that mass media do not try to raise the cultural level of people or to develop their tastes. Mass media bring to millions of homes not only entertaiment and news but also cultural and educational programs. There is a great number of TV channels, cable TV, satellite TV and lots of radio stations and newspapers now in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Questions:
What is mass media?
How does mass media influence people?
What is the difference between radio and TV programmes?
Does the audience of TV and radio differ/
Do you think that advertising is useful?
Studies at our Institute
My name is Zhenis. My surname is Amirkhanov. I study at M. Auezov South- Kazakhstan State University, Institute of Information technologies , Automation and Power engineering . I am a full- time first- year student: I do well because I want to become a good specialist. I am quite tall. My hair is short and black. My eyes are brown. I am hard-working, confident, honest, energetic, creative, helpful, sociable, kind. I like travelling to beautiful places. I enjoy going out and meeting new people I love playing football, swimming and going to the gym.
Every day the students of our Institute have practical classes in numerous theoretical and special subjects. We perform different laboratory works and attend lectures in computer science, mathematics, physics, chemistry, foreign languages and social studies. It is useful to us to listen to the lectures because the professors and tutors always deliver them clearly and scientifically.
We know that we’ll need deep knownledge of computer science in our future work and it is becoming one of the leading branches of our economy. At present all branches of our industry are constantly developing. Were there no computers, space flights and many other achievements of modern science and technology would be possible. And the computers are the most rapidly changing sphere of modern technology. I think, only hard work at study will give us the possibility to gain this knowledge.
To be a good specialist in future means to study well at the Institute from the day of admission till the day of graduation. Our future work will require deep knowledge and all our abilities. Studying will is the duty of every student.
There are two terms in the academic year. Each of them lasts for about 15 weeks. At the end of the terms the students will take examinations involving written and oral forms in mathematics, foreign languages, History, Russian, computer science and a number of other subjects. We’ll have several tests too. We have good libraries, sport facilities, computer rooms and the use of them including internet are free. Sports activities at University are very popular. There is also a student’s research society stimulating their creative thinking and scientific work. Some departmental student societies organize regular roundtables where students meet in the libraries. Those who would rather engage in art will find that the theatre groups, choirs, orchestras and university TV studio offer plenty of opportunities.
Our University is paying great attention to study foreign languages. The international contacts with all the other countries especially in all the spheres of science, technology and eye are steadily growing. That is why foreign languages are a necessity for the students of all specialities of our university. The teachers try to use such methods as conversational practice and independent reading. Audio- visual aids (tape record, interactive board, slides, films, video- lessons, laboratory works) are of great benefit. The task of teachers is not only to teach the students how to read newspapers and literature on their speciality published abroad, but to speak a foreign language on topics dealing with their speciality.
practical classes- практические занятие -практикалық сабақтар
to rerfrom- выполнить -орындау
to attend lectures- присутствовать на лекциях-лекцияға қатысу
computer sciense –информатика, наука о преобразовании информации
-информатика
deep knowledge- глубокое знание-терең білім
social studies- обществоведческие предметы-біріктірілген пәндер
achievements- достижение, успех-жетістік
rapidly- быстро-тез
possibility- возможность -мүмкіндік
to gain- достигать, достигнуть –жетістікке жету
admission- прием-қабылдау
graduation- окончание-бітіру
abilities- способности-мүмкіндік, мүмкіншілік
to riquire- требовать-талап ету
academic year- учебный год-оқу жылы
written and oral forms- письменные и устные формы экзаменов
-емтихандардың жазбаша және ауызшы өтуі
sports facilities- спортивное оборудование , помещения для занятия спортом
-спортен шұғылдану
creative thiking –творческое размышление -шығармашылық ойлау
roundtables –круглые столы-дөңгелек үстелдер
to engage in –заниматься чем либо-бір нәрсемен айналысу
plenty of –множество-көпшілік
opportunities- благоприятные возможности-жағымды мүмкіндіктер
audio- visual aids- аудио-визуальные средства -аудио -визуалды құралдар assigment - задание - тапсырма
self-test questions - вопросы для сомоконтроля - өзін-өзі тексеру сұрақтары
experimental kit - комплект для проведения лабороторной работы-зертханалық жұмыстарға арналған жиынтық
slides – слайды -слайдтар
tape recorder– магнитофон -магнитофон
1. Speak about your Institute using the following questions:
Where do you study at?
Are you a full-time student?
In what department are you?
What year (course) are you in?
What subjects do you study?
When do your classes begin?
What lectures do you attend at the University?
How many exams will you have in winter?
Are there any students’ societies at the faculty? What are they?
How can you get to the University?
How long do your course run?
How many faculties have your Institute?
When did you enter the Institute?
What faculty do you study at?
Are you sure in the choice of your future job?
Where will you work after graduating from the Institute?
2. Give the degree of comparison of the following words and translate them into Kazakh (Russian) high, long, small, many, much, good, bad, far, beautiful, difficult, happy, dirty, useful, easy, great, big.
3. Find antonyms anong the following words and translate them into Kazakh (Russian) to take, to begin, to give, to finish, to ask, difficult, to answer, easy, well, good, bad, badly.
4. Read the jokes and translate into kazakh:
English Professor: “What is the difference between an active verb and a passive verb?”
Student: “An active verb shows action and a passive verb shows passion.”
Professor: “Can you tell me anything about the great scientists of the 17th century?” Student: “They are all dead, sir.”
Professor: “A fool can ask more questions than a wise man can answer.”
Student: “No wonder so many of us fail at our exams.”
Friend: “And what is your son going to be when he’s passed his final exam?”
Father: “An old man.”
Two men were talking in a train.
-- “Are you going to Milbery’s lecture today?” said one.
-- “Oh, yes, I am,” replied the other.
-- “Take my advice and don’t. I hear he is a very poor lecturer.”
-- “I am afraid, I must go,” said the other. “I’m Milbery.”
Ex.2. Transform as in the models:
Model: degree of a bachelor - bachelor’s degree
Degree of a master, life of the students, parents of students, the report of the scientist.
Ex. 3. Make up composition “At the Seminar” using the following expressions.
To make a report, to ask the questions, to take part in the discussion, to clear up, to ask the teacher, to explain smth, to write tests.
5. Give Kazakh (Russian) equivalents to the proverbs:
It’s never too late to learn.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.
6. Topic for discussion
1.Studying well is the duty of every student.
2.Education and training make a substantial contribution to the economy and so to the prosperity of the nation
At the library
Warming –up
Is it possible to live without books for you?
Books are our friends, aren’t they?
How often do you go the University’s library?
Why today ‘s teenagers don’t like to read a book?
Explain why a library can be called a treasure house of information.
At the library
Read the text a get ready to retell it.
Our University has many rich libraries. They are big, light rooms. The libraries also have reading-rooms. There are many bookcases and bookshelves with a lot of books on them. You cand find million of books by the great scientists, writes and poets, well-known all over the world. Our libraries are the centre of serious study in all fields. Theу are used by University professors and lecturers, by students reading for higher degrees and by those who are engaged in research in their spare time.
Libraries are very important in the life of students. Students go to the library to read books, to look through some new magazines and to prepare for a report. The librarians help the students to find books, which they need. The University’s academic staff go to the library too. They take texts books and teaching aids from there. Sometimes they prepare for the lessons at the library.
Our library is not only a collection of text books, scientific books for reading, it is also with all its current publications, a rapidly growing modern research library. It receives every issue of every periodical or newspaper published in Kazakhstan, Russia and other countries.
Questions.
Do you like to go the to the University library?
Have you got a library at home ?
What kind of books do you prefer to read?
For what do you go to the library?
What books are popular among teenagers?
Do you like to buy books and how often do you go to the bookshops?
Vocabulary
well-known-известный-белгілі, атақты
spare –time-свободное время-бос уакытта
look through- просматривать-қарап шығу
teaching aids –учебное пособия-оқу құралдары
issue-выпуск, издание, басылым
Give your comments on the following;
Books must be our friends during all our life.
Read the words given below state what part of speech each word belongs to. Give their Kazakh or Russian equivalents.
Academy–academic-a academician; active-activity;
celebrate–celebration; cold–coldness; comfort-comfortable; communicate-communication; confuse-confusion; cooperate- cooperation; contribute-contribution; distance-distant; history-historic-historical-historian; long–longevity; occupy–occupation; policy–political–politician; reduce-reduction; rely-reliable-unreliable; strong-strength-strengthen; total-totally
Look at this picture and describe it .How do you understand the proverb “Learning is a treasure that will follow you anywhere”
Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics;
Libraries are very important in the life of students.
Are you up-to-date student?
My name is Sholpan. My surname is Madesh. I am 18. I am a student. I am a first-year student. I study at M. Auezov South- Kazakhstan University. I do well because I want to become a good specialist. Who is up-to-date student? I think, he must be hard-working, confident, honest, energetic, creative, helpful, sociable, kind and good at computing, well-read ,has a basic knowledge of the history and geography of world and man.
As we know, science in Kazakhstan occupies a prominent place. The education in our country has radically changed in the last 10-15 years. And a most important component of the scientific and technological progress is the revolution in education and in the entire system of personnel training and retraining, because new technology requires a specialist of a new type. As knowledge grows and techniques change, we have to adapt ourselves and keep up-to-date and
efficient. Every up-to-date student must know three languages: Kazakh, Russian, English. English is the language of new hi-technology, science, business, sport, politics and etc. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated, for every good specialist. I think the main duty of up-to-date student is to get a good education and reach a high standard of creativeness, criticism, and flexibility.
My future profession
Warming –up
When did you begin to think about your future profession?
When have you made your choice?
Are you sure in the choice of your future profession?
What helped you to make a decision about your future profession?
What is the best way of preparing for your future job?
Is it easy to choose a profession?
How can your find out some information about any job which interests you?
Are there many professions in your country? What are they?
What professions are most popular in your country among the young people?
What are your parents?
Have you got any tradition in your family?
Why have you chosen to be a …
Do you attend optional courses?
What skills and knowledge will tomorrow’s specialist need?
How do see your future profession?
Advantages and disadvantages of your future profession
. My future profession
There are many interesting and noble useful professions in our country. I want to become a specialist in computer technologies-a computer engineer.
I know that that the best way to prepare for any job is to get a good education –to do well at University and to learn all you can outside of University .
Computer is developing so fast, that it comprises almost all spheres of professional life. No business now is possible without computers.
One of the things that’s really changing our lives is information technology. The microchip for example affects every one of us; at home, at work and at play. Hole in the wall cash machines, home computers, television instant replays, long range weather forecasts, supermarket bar-code scanners all result from improvements in the microchip. Using the telephone and television, it is now possible or will be shortly, to shop, bank and study without t leaving the armchair. I like my future specialty very much. And I’m proud, that I’ve chosen this specialty, because I really like it and adore it. I know there are many advantages in my specialty, because I have real prospects view about my profession, because my specialty is very up-to-date and modern specialty in our Republic. I can find a job with a good salary, I think I can achieve big success with the help of my future specialty , because the first advantages is that I like my specialty..
Task 2. Read the text and compose with your future profession, are they similar?
Task 3. Read the text about choosing the profession Make a round table discussion.
1) Job should be interesting and socially important
2) Job is a matter of future, prestige and wealth
Task 4. Make up a dialogue with your partner to the topic "My future job"
Discussion.
Have you made up your mind what to be in the future?
When did you begin making plans for the future?
Is your future profession important and needed?
Read the words given below state what part of speech each word belongs to. Give their Kazakh or Russian equivalents.
Apply-application; attract-attraction-attractive; compose-composition-composer; conserve-conservation-conservative; define-definite-definition; engage-engagement; except-exception-exceptional; exist-existance; gas-gaseous; necessary-necessarily-necessity; operate-operator-operative; participate-participation; publish-publication; reason-reasonable; require-requirement; separate-separable; value-valuable.
Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics;
The advantages of my specialty
Will tomorrow’s world be more prosperous than today?
Our university and its functions
M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University was founded in 1943.Now it has over 80 departments. Our University is one of the most popular educational establishments in the South Kazakhstan oblast. Every year hundreds of applicants enter our University.
As a rule,applicants wishing to study at our University must have a school leaving certificate and the result of Unified National Test(UNT).Applicants who get UNT high level pass result will receive state grants from our Goverment and their education is free of charge and the others who don’t get grants they will have to pay fees.Studies generally last between four and five years and qualify students for various professions.Many well-known scientists teach at our University. We have good libraries and reading-halls and for those who go in for sports there are good gymnasiums and a stadium. Our studies begin at 8.30 o’clock, usually we have six hours (periods) a day. Our auditoriums and laboratories are large and light. Our computer classrooms have modern equipment. The academic session begin on the first of September and will end in June. There is also a students’ research society at the University stimulating their creative thinking and scientific work.
Vocabulary
Applicant-абтуриент-талапкер
a school leaving certificate-свидетельство об окончании школы-мектеп бітіргені туралы куәлік
Unified National Test(UNT)-Единый Национальный Тест-Бірыңғай Ұлттық Тест
level pass-проходной балл-ЖОО-на түсу үшін жиналатын балл
to receive state grants-получать государственный грант-мемлекеттік грантқа ие болу
free of charge-бесплатно-тегін
to pay fees-платить за обучение –оқу ақысын төлеу
training-подготовка,обучение-дайындық
require-требовать-талап ету
1. Group work. Discuss the following questions. Do you know:
2. You are going to read the article “Hallowe’en”. Compare your answers in 1.
Hallowe'en
Hallowe'en is an ancient celebration deriving from a mixture of pagan ideas, folklore and religion.
It originally began with the Celts and their celebration of the end of the Celtic year on November 1st. This date marked the end of their 'season of the sun' and the disappearance of the sun god whom they worshipped as winter began. By lighting cooking fires in their homes, the ancient celts hoped to keep the good luck symbolised by the spirit of the light with them through the winter months.
When the Romans invaded Britain in the first century, they brought with them the festival known as Pomona Day, named after their goddess of fruits and gardens. This is where the tradition of eating toffee apples on Hallowe'en comes from. Try it out with the recipe below!
When the Christian religion spread through Europe and Britain, November 1st became a church holiday to honour all the saints, known as All Saints Day. On the eve of this day, people celebrated with big bonfires and parades and dressed up as saints, angels and devils to honour the dead.
Today, all these influences have merged into what we know as Hallowe'en when many people have parties, and play Hallowe'en games, such as dunking for apples. The aim of the game is to remove an apple from a basin of water whilst keeping your hands behind your back, so you can only use your teeth - it's more difficult than it sounds!
Hallowe'en is also a very popular day in America. Children dress up as witches and ghosts and go 'trick or treating.' They call at their neighbours' homes and ask for a treat, such as sweets or toffee apples - if no treat is given the children will play a mischievous trick!
3. Individual work. You are given a recipe of traditional eating ‘toffee apples’/ Try it out.
Why not …
Ingredients: 4 or 5 washed apples 220g sugar 4 or 5 wooden skewers forks Method:
Make the caramel by sifting the sugar through a sieve and melting it in a shallow pan over a moderate heat.
Stir all the time to prevent the sugar from sticking or burning. When the liquid is coffee coloured it is ready for the apples to be dipped in one by one, after each has been pierced with a fork or skewer. Turn the apples round carefully until the whole surface has been covered with the toffee. Then lay the apples on buttered paper to harden.
1. You are going to read an article about the history of thanksgiving day. Find out all possible answers to: Who…? What…? When…?
Thanksgiving Day
Harvest festivals and thanksgiving celebrations were held by the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Hebrews, the Chinese and the Egyptians each seeking in their own special way to give thanks for a bountiful harvest.
Thanksgiving Day was celebrated in America by the first immigrants from England, known as the Pilgrim Fathers. In 1621, after a hard and devastating first year in the New World, the Pilgrims' Autumn harvest was successful and the crops plentiful. The crops, fruit and vegetables along with fish, which was packed in salt, lasted all through the winter. The Pilgrims wanted to celebrate their successful conquest of the wilderness and so their governor, William Bradford, proclaimed a day for thanksgiving that was to be shared with the neighbouring Native American Indians.
Thanksgiving is adapted from Lammas day which was celebrated in Britain only if there was an abundant harvest. Loaves of bread were made from the successful wheat crop and brought to Mass as a token of thanksgiving.
Abraham Lincoln was the first US President to declare Thanksgiving as a national festival in 1863, and he set the date as the last Thursday in November. This was later changed by President Roosevelt to the fourth Thursday in November. Since then, each president has issued a Thanksgiving Day Proclamation.
Roast turkey and pumpkin pie are the main elements of the traditional Thanksgiving meal. The pumpkin is an important vegetable for the native American Indians and one which they shared with the English settlers.
2. Individual work.
Why not...
imagine that you were the first settlers to arrive in America in 1621. What traditions would you have brought from your own country?
English, is the Language of Communication
Warming -up
Had you studied English before you came to our university?
How long have you been learning English?
What marks did you usually get in English?
What English speaking countries do you know?
Have you been to any of them?
Which variant of the English language do you like more: British or American?
Did you study any other languages at school?
Do you find languages easy or difficult to learn?
What other languages besides English would you like to learn?
English, is the Language of Communication
Learning a foreign language isn't an easy thing. Nowadays it's especially important to know foreign languages. Some people learn languages because they need them for their work, others travel abroad, for the third studying foreign languages is a hobby. Everyone, who knows foreign languages can speak to people from other countries, read foreign authors in the original, which makes your outlook wider. I study English. It's a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and efforts. Over 300 million people speak it is as a mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is one of the official languages of the United Nations Organization and other political organizations.
English language is a wonderful language "Do you speak English?» with this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language-It's very good when you hear: "Yes, I do", and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along Well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other.
So it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people.
English is very popular now. It's the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. It's spoken all over the world. It is the official language of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia. There are more than 750 million speakers of English in the world.
Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV programs. If you like travelling you can go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. English is very important to find a good job.
Task 3. Questions:
1. Do you like to speak English?
2. How many years did you study English?
3. Is it useful to learn foreign language?
4. Is English the official language in the U.S.A.?
5. Does English help you to make friends?
Discussion.
Is it difficult for you to learn foreign languages?
Do you use your knowledge of foreign languages in your life?
Where do you use your knowledge of foreign languages?
Do you like to learn it?
How many foreign languages do you know?
Questions:
1. Is it an easy thing to learn a foreign language?
2. Why do people learn foreign languages?
3. Do you know any foreign language?
4. Where do the native speakers of English live?
5. What can you say about English language?
The conversation. Work with your partner.
Why do you learn foreign languages?
Read the words given below, state what part of speech each word belongs to. Give their Russian equivalents.
Able-ability; achieve-achievement; capable-capability; character-characteristic; collaborate-collaboration; compare-comparison;-comparative; confuse-confusion; constant-constantly; depend-dependence-dependent; discover-discovery; experiment-experimental-experimentally; measure-measurement; rely-reliable-unreliable; theory-theoretical-theoretician; succeed-success-successful.
Prepare a report on one of the suggested topics;
Learning English is an endless process
Прошедшее простое (неопределенное) время (Past Simple (Indefinite)) Образование
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
v2 I / you / he / she / it / we / they started I / you / he / she / it / we / 'they made | did + Vj (инфинитив без частицы to)? Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they start? Did I / you / he / s.he / it / we / they make? | didn't (did not) + v, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did not (didn't) start I / you / he / she / it / we / they did not (didn't) make |
MS • Правильные глаголы (Regular Verbs) образуют форму V2 (форму Past Simple) путем присоединения окончания -ed к основе инфинитива (Vj): to work — worked to ask — asked • Неправильные глаголы (Irregular Verbs) образуют форму V2 (форму Past Simple) не по общим правилам. Эти формы необходимо выучить. (Таблицу неправильных глаголов см. в разделе V.) |
Правила образования формы V2 (Past Simple) у некоторых правильных глаголов
1. Если глагол оканчивается на -е, то к нему присоединяется окончание -d:
to hope — hoped to die — died
2. Если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то у заменяется на i:
to try — tried to cry — cried
3. Если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у сохраняется:
to play — played to betray — betrayed
4. Если односложный глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным, то согласная удваивается:
to stop — stopped to plan — planned
5.Если многосложный глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим ударным гласным, то согласная удваивается:
to permit — permitted to prefer — preferred
6. Если многосложный глагол оканчивается на согласную -1, то она удваивается (это правило не распространяется на American English):
to travel — travelled
to compel — compelled
Особые случаи
• Глагол to be в Past Simple имеет особые формы и не требует вспомогательного глагола для образования вопроса и отрицания.
Утвердительная форма | Вопросительная форма | Отрицательная форма |
I / he / she / it was you / we /they were | Was I / he / she / it? Were you / we / they? | I / he / she / it was not / wasn't you / we / they were not / weren't |
• Когда в предложении, в котором употребляется Past Simple, вопросительные местоимения who, what, which, how many / how much выполняют функцию подлежащего, вспомогательный глагол did не употребляется.
What happened yesterday? — Что произошло вчера?
How many people visited the show? — Сколько людей посетили шоу?
Значение и употребление
1. Для обозначения действия, совершившегося в прошлом и не связанного с настоящим:
J saw him two days ago. — Я видел его два дня назад.
When did you start working on the picture? — Когда вы начали работать над картиной?
2.Для обозначения последовательных действий в прошлом:
That day I got up at seven o'clock, had a cold shower and went to work. — В тот день я встал в семь часов, принял холодный душ и отправился на работу.
3. Для выражения обычных, повторяющихся действий в прошлом, не связанных с настоящим:
Не came to see me every Friday. — Они меня навещал каждую пятницу. My father never drank milk. — Мой отец никогда не пил молоко.
4. Для выражения действия, которое длилось некоторый период времени и теперь закончено. Для обозначения такого периода времени, как правило, используются фразы с предлогами for, during, from... to.
They saw many beautiful castles during their trip around France. — Они видели много прекрасных замков во время своей поездки по Франции. Did you stay at ту sister's for a long time? — Ты долго оставался у моей сестры?
I worked at the bank from 1995 to 1998. — Я работал в банке с 1995 по 1998 год.
Характерные слова и фразы
yesterday, When...?, How...?, 10 years (5 minutes, some time, etc.) ago, last (week, year, etc.), usually, regularly, the other day (на днях), the day before yesterday, often, always, as a rule, in 2006.
Таблица неправильных глаголов
V1 | V 2 | V 3 | Ving | Translation |
arise | arose | arisen | arising | возникать, |
awake | awoke | awoken | awaking | будить, просыпаться |
be | was / were | been | being | быть, находиться |
bear | bore | Born / borne | bearing | носить, терпеть |
beat | beat | beaten | beating | бить |
become | became | become | becoming | становиться |
begin | began | begun | beginning | начинать |
bend | bent | Bent | bending | гнуть, сгибать |
bet | bet | Bet | betting | держать пари |
bind | bound | bound | binding | связывать |
bite | bit | bitten | biting | кусать(ся) |
bleed | bled | Bled | bleeding | кровоточить |
blow | blew | blown | blowing | дуть |
break | broke | broken | breaking | ломать, разбивать |
breed | bred | Bred | breeding | разводить |
bring | brought | brought | bringing | приносить |
broadcast | broadcast/ broadcasted | broadcast/ broadcasted | broadcasting | транслировать |
build | built | built | building | строить |
burn | burnt / burned | burnt / burned | burning | жечь, гореть |
burst | burst | burst | bursting | взрываться |
buy | bought | bought | buying | покупать |
cast | cast | Cast | casting | бросать, кидать |
catch | caught | caught | catching | ловить |
choose | chose | chosen | choosing | выбирать |
clap | clapped/ clapt | clapped/ clapt | clapping | хлопать |
cling | clung | clung | clinging | цепляться |
come | came | come | coming | приходить, приезжать |
cost | cost | Cost | costing | стоить |
creep | crept | crept | creeping | ползать |
cut | cut | Cut | cutting | резать |
deal | dealt | dealt | dealing | иметь дело |
dig | dug | Dug | digging | рыть, копать |
dive | dived / dove | dived | diving | нырять |
do | did | done | doing | делать |
draw | drew | drawn | drawing | рисовать; тащить |
dream | dreamt/dreamed | dreamt/dreamed | dreaming | мечтать |
drink | drank | drunk | drinking | пить |
drive | drove | driven | driving | водить |
dwell | dwelt | dwelt | dwelling | проживать |
eat | ate | eaten | eating | есть |
fall | fell | fallen | falling | падать |
feed | fed | Fed | feeding | кормить(ся) |
feel | felt | Felt | feeling | чувствовать |
fight | fought | fought | fighting | сражаться, драться |
find | found | found | finding | находить |
fit | fit / fitted | fit / fitted | fitting | приспосабливать |
flee | fled | Fled | fleeing | спасаться бегством |
fling | flung | flung | flinging | швырять |
fly | flew | flown | flying | летать |
forbid | forbade / forbad | forbidden | forbidding | запрещать |
forecast | forecast/ forecasted | forecast/ forecasted | forecasting | предсказывать |
foresee | foresaw | foreseen | foreseeing | предвидеть |
forget | forgot | forgotten | forgetting | забывать |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | forgiving | прощать |
freeze | froze | frozen | freezing | замерзать, замораживать |
get | got | Got | getting | получать, становиться |
give | gave | given | giving | давать |
go | went | gone / been | going | идти |
grind | ground | ground | grinding | молоть |
grow | grew | grown | growing | расти, становиться |
hang | hung / hanged | hung / hanged | hanging | висеть; вешать |
have | had | Had | having | иметь |
hear | heard | heard | hearing | слышать |
heave | heaved / hove | heaved / hove | heaving | поднимать |
hide | hid | hidden | hiding | прятать |
hit | hit | Hit | hitting | ударять |
hold | held | Held | holding | держать |
hurt | hurt | Hurt | hurting | ранить, болеть |
keep | kept | kept | keeping | держать, хранить |
kneel | kneeled / knelt | kneeled / knelt | kneeling | стоять на коленях |
knit | knitted / knit | knitted / knit | knitting | вязать |
know | knew | known | knowing | знать |
lay | laid | laid | laying | класть, положить |
lead | led | led | leading | вести, руководить |
lean | leaned / leant | leaned / leant | leaning | опираться, наклоняться |
leap | leaped / leapt | leaped / leapt | leaping | прыгать, перепрыгивать |
learn | learnt / learned | learnt / learned | learning | узнавать, учить |
leave | left | left | leaving | покидать |
lend | lent | lent | lending | давать взаймы |
let | let | let | letting | позволять |
lie | lay | Lain | lying | лежать |
light | lit | Lit | lighting | зажигать |
lose | lost | lost | losing | терять |
make | made | made | making | делать |
mean | meant | meant | meaning | означать |
meet | met | met | meeting | встречать |
melt | melted | melted / molten | melting | таять |
mishear | misheard | misheard | mishearing | ослышаться |
mislead | misled | misled | misleading | Вводить в заблуждение |
misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | misunderstanding | неправильно понять |
mow | mowed | mown | mowing | косить |
outgrow | outgrew | outgrown | outgrowing | перерасти |
overcome | overcame | overcome | overcoming | преодолеть |
oversee | oversaw | overseen | overseeing | наблюдать, следить |
oversleep | overslept | overslept | oversleeping | проспать |
overthrow | overthrew | overthrown | overthrowing | свергать |
pay | paid | Paid | paying | платить |
plead | pleaded / pled | pleaded / pled | pleading | просить, умолять |
prove | proved | proved / proven | proving | доказывать |
put | put | Put | putting | класть, ставить |
quit | quit | Quit | quitting | покидать, увольняться |
rap | rapped / rapt | rapped / rapt | rapping | стучать |
read | read | Read | reading | читать |
retell | retold | retold | retelling | пересказывать |
rewrite | rewrote | rewritten | rewriting | переписывать |
ride | rode | ridden . | riding | ездить верхом, на велосипеде |
ring, | rang | Rung | ringing | звонить |
rise | rose | risen | rising | вставать, поднимать(ся) |
run | ran | Run | running | бежать |
saw | sawed | sawed / sawn | sawing | пилить |
say | said | Said | saying | | говорить |
see | saw | Seen | seeing | видеть |
seek | sought | sought | seeking | искать |
sell | sold | Sold | selling | продавать |
send | sent | Sent | sending | посылать |
set | set | Set | setting | ставить, располагать |
sew | sewed | sewed / sewn | sewing | шить, зашивать |
shake | shook | shaken | shaking | трясти(сь) |
shave | shaved | shaved / shaven | shaving | брить(ся) |
shine | shone | shone | shining | блестеть |
shoot | shot | Shot | shooting | стрелять |
show | showed | shown | showing | показывать |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | shrinking | сжиматься |
shut | shut | Shut | shutting | закрывать, запирать |
sing | sang | sung | singing | петь |
sink | sank | sunk | sinking | тонуть, опускаться |
sit | sat | Sat | sitting | сидеть |
sleep | slept | slept | sleeping | спать |
slide | slid | Slid / slidden | sliding | скользить |
sling | slung | slung | slinging | бросать, швырять |
smell | smelt / smelled | smelt / smelled | smelling | пахнуть |
sneak | sneaked / snuck | sneaked / snuck | sneaking | подкрадываться |
sow | sowed | sown | sowing | сеять |
speak | spoke | spoken | speaking | говорить |
speed | sped | sped | speeding | мчаться, проноситься |
spell | spelt | spelt | spelling | писать, произносить по буква» |
spend | spent | spent | spending | тратить |
spill | spilt | spilt | spilling | проливать, просыпать |
spin | spun / span | spun | spinning | крутить, кружиться |
spit | spat | Spat | spitting | плевать(ся) |
split | split | split | splitting | раскалывать |
spoil | spoiled / spoilt | spoiled / spoilt | spoiling | портить; баловать |
spread | spread | spread | spreading | распространять |
spring | sprang | sprung | springing | прыгать; возникать |
stand | stood | stood | standing | стоять |
steal | stole | stolen | stealing | красть, воровать |
stick | stuck | stuck | sticking | втыкать; приклеивать |
sting | stung | stung | stinging | жалить |
stink | stank | stunk | stinking | вонять |
stride | strode / strided | stridden | striding | шагать |
strike | struck | struck / stricken | striking | ударять, поражать |
strive | strove | striven | striving | стремиться |
swear | swore | sworn | swearing | клясться; ругаться |
sweat | sweated / sweat | sweated / sweat | sweating | потеть |
sweep | swept / sweeped | swept / sweeped | sweeping | подметать |
swell | swelled | swollen | swelling | разбухать |
swim | swam | swum | swimming | плавать |
swing | swung | swung | swinging | качать(ся); размахивать |
take | took | taken | taking | брать |
teach | taught | taught | teaching | учить |
tear | tore | Torn | tearing | рвать |
tell | told | Told | telling | сказать, рассказывать |
think | thought | thought | thinking | думать |
thrive | thrived / throve | thrived / thriven | thriving | процветать |
throw | threw | thrown | throwing | бросать |
thrust | thrust | thrust | thrusting | толкать |
tread | trod | trodden | treading | ступать, наступать |
undergo | underwent | undergone | undergoing | переносить, подвергаться |
understand | understood | understood | understanding | понимать |
undertake | undertook | undertaken | undertaking | предпринимать |
uphold | upheld | upheld | upholding | поддерживать, удерживать |
upset | upset | upset | upsetting | расстраивать, огорчать |
vex | vexed / vext | vexed / vext | vexing | досаждать |
wake | woke | woken | waking | будить, просыпаться |
wear | wore | worn | wearing | носить, надевать |
weave | wove | woven | weaving | ткать, плести |
weep | wept | wept | weeping | плакать, рыдать |
wet | wetted / wet | wetted / wet | wetting | мочить, увлажнять |
win | won | Won | winning | выигрывать, побеждать |
wind | wound | wound | winding | виться; дудеть |
withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | withdrawing | забирать; уходить |
withhold | withheld | withheld | withholding | удерживать(ся); утаивать |
wring | wrung | wrung | wringing | крутить; выжимать |
write | wrote | written | writing | писать |
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
Вопросительные предложения (Interrogative Sentences)
Наиболее распространенными типами вопросов в английском языке являются общие и специальные вопросы.
Общие вопросы (General Questions)
Общими вопросами называются вопросы, цель которых — получить от собеседника подтверждение или отрицание высказанной в вопросе мысли. Эти вопросы требуют утвердительного или отрицательного ответа (например, yes или no).
Общие вопросы, как правило, не содержат вопросительного слова. Они произносятся с повышающейся к концу предложения интонацией:
Are you a nurse? — Yes, I am.
Have you seen the film? — No, I haven't.
Разделительные вопросы ('Tail' Questions)
Особой разновидностью общих вопросов являются разделительные вопросы ('Tail' Questions), которые состоят из двух частей. Первая — повествовательное предложение в утвердительной или отрицательной форме, вторая — краткий общий вопрос, состоящий из подлежащего-местоимения и вспомогательного, или модального глагола, или глаголов to be, to have в зависимости от сказуемого первой части. Если первая часть утвердительная (когда ожидается ответ yes), то вторая — отрицательная; если первая часть отрицательная (когда ожидается ответ no), то вторая не содержит отрицания.
Первая часть разделительного вопроса произносится с понижающейся интонацией, вторая часть — с повышающейся. Подобные вопросы соответствуют в русском языке вопросам с вводными словами: «Не так ли?», «Не правда ли?», «Правда?». Разделительные вопросы весьма употребительны в разговорной речи:
She is here, isn't she? | Она здесь, не так ли? |
She isn't here, is she? | Ее здесь нет, правда? |
You will come, won't you? | Ты придешь, не правда ли? |
Jim doesn't play tennis, does he?
You don't have to go there now, do you?
Bob spoke English very well, didn't he?
Your brother can repair radio sets, can't he?
You have such a book, haven't you?
На разделительные вопросы обычно даются ответы с краткими утвердительными или отрицательными фразами:
Today is Monday, isn't it? — Yes, it is.
You don't like coffee, do you? — No, I don't.
Специальные вопросы (Special Questions)
Специальными вопросами называются такие вопросы, целью которых является не простое подтверждение или отрицание мысли, высказанной в вопросе, а получение какой-либо дополнительной информации:
What's your name? — My name is Pete.
Where are you going? — To the park.
Специальный вопрос ставится к какому-либо одному члену предложения. Он обязательно начинается с вопросительного слова, которое указывает, к какому именно члену предложения относится вопрос. Специальный вопрос произносите с понижающейся интонацией. Рекомендуем запомнить вопросительные слова, которые употребляются в специальных вопросах:
who [hu:] кто?
whom [hu:m] кого? кому?
whose [hu:z] чей?
what [wоt] что? какой?
which [wit∫] который?
when [wen] когда?
where [wεә] куда? где?
why [wai] почему?
how [hau] как?
how many ['hau 'meni] сколько?
how much ['hau 'mΛt∫] сколько?
Альтернативные вопросы (Alternative Questions)
Альтернативные (выборочные) вопросы состоят из двух частей, соединенных союзом or. Эти вопросы по форме совпадают с общими, но предусматривают выбор между двумя возможностями и требуют таких же ответов, как и специальные вопросы.
Первая часть таких вопросов произносится с повышающейся интонацией, вторая — с понижающейся:
Is this Ann or Kate? — Kate.
Do you like tea or coffee? — Tea.
Is this your book or mine? — It's yours.
Will you go to the theatre or to the cinema? — To the theatre.
DISJUNCTIVE | He went to Paris last week, didn’t he? |
QUESTION TO THE SUBJECT | Who went to Paris last week? |
GENERAL | Did he go to Paris last week? |
ALTERNATIVE | Did he go to Paris or New York last week? |
SPECIAL | When did he go to Paris? |
Общая характеристика вопросительных предложений
коммуникативные типы английских предложений
В зависимости от цели высказывания предложения делятся на следующие коммуникативные типы;
1) повествовательные предложения (Declarative Sentences):
This is my umbrella.- Это мой зонт.
2) Вопросительные предложения (Interrogative Sentences):
What are you doing next weekend?- Что ты делаешь в следующие выходные?
3)Побудитильные предложения (Imperative Sentences):
Let"s go to the cinema and see a new movie.- Давайте сходим в кинотеатр и посмотрим новый фильм.
4)Восклицательные предложения ( Exclamatory Sentences):
It"s such good news!- Это замечательные новости!
Повествовательные, вопросительные и побудительные предложения могут быть как утвердительными (Affirmative Sentences), так и отрицательными (Negative Sentences).
Цель вопросительных предложений- получить от собеседника необходимую информацию или подтверждение (отрицание) содержания вопроса:
How long did they stay?- A couple of hours.
Can you play the guitar?- Yes, I can.
Doesn"t he know phone number? -No.
Особенности английских вопросительных предложений
1) В русском языке вопросительные предложения часто отличаются от повествовательных только интонацией:
Ей нравится фотографировать (повествовательное предложение)
Ей нравится фотографировать?(вопросительное предложение)
В отличие от русского языка, английские вопросительные предложения характеризуются не только интонацией, но и другими признаками ( изменение порядка слов,употребление вспомогательных глаголов и т п)
She enjoys taking photos. (повествовательное предложение)
Does she enjoy taking photos?(вопросительное предложение)
2) В английском языке вопрос и ответ в значительной степени определяется формой вопроса:
Who is the author of this book?- I am.
Have yoy ever been to to America?- No,I naven"t.
II. Типы английских вопросительных предложений: способы образования и употребления и употребления
Вопросительные предложения в английском языке делятся на четыре типа: общий вопрос (General Question,или Yes-No Question), альтернативный вопрос (Alternative Question), разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive Question, или Tag-guestion,или Tail-guestion) и специальный вопрос (Special Question, или Wh-guestion).
Общий вопрос General Question (Yes-No Question)
Основная характеристика общего вопроса
Общий вопрос задается с целью получить от собеседника подтверждение или отрицание высказанной в вопросе мысли.Он ставится к предлодению в целом. Такие вопросы требует утвердительного или отрицательного ответа ( как правило, Yes или No), поэтому их еще называют Yes-No Question:
Have you ever been to London?- Yes, I have.
Do you often visit museums?- No, I don"t.
Общие вопросы в английском языке произносятся с повышением тона в конце предложения.Порядок слов общих вопросах отличается от порядка слов в повествовательном предложении.
Общие вопросы образуются двумя способами: с помощью инверсии и вспомогательного глагола to do.
Образование общих вопросов глаголов с помощью инверсии
Инверсия -это обратный порядок слов, при котором сказуемое или его часть стоит перед подлежащим.С помощью инверсии образуются вопросительные предложения со сказуемым, содержащим глаголы to do, to have,вспомогательные глаголы shall,will модальные глаголы can,must, may, ought, should, would, need, to be to, shall,will.
Правила образования общих вопросов с помощью инверсии
1) В вопросительных предложениях с простым сказуемым глагол предшествует подлежащему:
He is hospital now, -Is he in hospital now?
I have had news for you,- Have you bad news for me?
2) Если в вопросительных предложениях употребляется сложные формы скфзуемого или модальный глагол,то вспомогательный или модальный глагол (или первый из группы таких глаголов) ставится перед подлежащим,а остальная часть сказуемого - после подлежащего:
This house was built two years ago.- Was yhis house built two years ago?
I will mention your proposal to my boss.-Will you mention my proposal to your boss?
You can tell me the thuth.- Can you tell me the truth?
He has been watching television since morning.- Has he been watching television since morning?
Общий вопрос с глаголом to be
1)Глагол to be в качестве смыслового (простое глагольное сказуемое) или в форме Present Simple и Past Simple ставится перед подлежащим. Второстепенные члены предложения следует сразу за подлежащим:
He is at home.- Is he at home?
I was there yesterday/- Were you there yesterday?
This is the house we need.- Is this the housewe need?
2)Если сказуемое выражено оборотом there is/there are (разновидность глагольного сказуемого,)глагол to be ставится перед словом there,а подлежащее-после него:
There are many messages for you.- Are there many messages for me?
There was much traffic yesterday.- Was there much traffic yesterday?
3) Если глагол to be употребляется как вспомогательный (в составе сложного глагольных форм) или модальный, при образовании общего вопроса глагол to be ставится перед подлежащем, а остальная часть сказуемого -после подлежащего:
He is staying in the hotel.-Is staying in the hotel?
The dog was seen in the park.- Was the dog seen in the park?
The film is to start at 7 o"clock.- Is the film to start at 7o"clock?
Общий вопрос с глаголом to have
Глагол to have образует общий вопрос с помощью инверсии, если он употреблен в качестве смыслового и вспомогательного.
1) Глагол o have в качестве смыслового (в знвчении )в форме Present Simple ставится перед подлежащим.Второстепенные члены предложения следует сразу за подлежащим:
You have a good camera.- Have you a good camera?
He has a reason to subject you.- Has he a reasin to subject me?
Исключения:
В американском варианте английского языка глагол to have (в значении ) образует вопросительные предложения при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do.
Вопросительные предложения с глаголом to have (в значении ) в Past Simple образуются только с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do.
Если глагол to have в Present Simple и Past Simple употребляется в составе устойчивых сочетаний, общий вопрос к предложению образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do.
2)Если глагол to have употребляется как вспомогательный (для образования перфектных форм) при образовании общего вопроса глагол to havе ставится перед подлежащим, а остальная часть сказуемого- после подлежащего:
I have seen the rainbow.- Have you ever seen the rainbow?
They have been writing the examination paper long.-Have they been writing the examination paper long?
В модальным значении глагол to have(to) в Present Simple образует общий вопрос при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do. В Future Simple употребляется вспомогательный глагол shall/will.
Общий вопрос с глаголами shall и will
Глаголы shall и will могут быть как вспомогательным, так и модальными.
В качестве вспомогательных глаголы shall и will употребляется в сочетании с основой инфинитива основного глагола для образования форм будущего времени ( Future Simple ). В качестве модальных глаголы shall и will выражают различные модальные знaчения.Независимо от своей функции эти глаголы образуют общий вопрос с помощью инверсии, то есть глаголы shall и will ставятся перед подлежащим, а основа инфинитива основного глагола-после него.
I shall buy a new doll for her birthday.-Shall I buy a new doll for her birthday?
You will close the door.- Will you clouse the door?
Общий вопрос с модальными глаголами can, must, may, ought to, should, would
Модальные глаголы can, must, may, ought to, should, would образуют общий вопрос только с помощью инверсии: модальный глагол ставится перед подлежащим, а основа инфинитива смыслового глагола- после него:
She can speak Russian.- Can she speak Russian?
I must go there.- Must you go there?
They may come a little later.- May they come a little later?
You ought to drive more carefully in the rain.- Ought you to drive more carefully in the rain?
He should concentrate on his task.- Should he concentrade on his task?
Общий вопрос с глаголом need
Глагол need можеть быть как смысловым, так и модальным.
Как модальный глагол need выражает необходимость в каком-то действии и переводится как . Он употребляется с инфинитивом без частицы to, имеет только форму Present Simple и образует общий вопрос с помощью инверсии. Глагол need ставится перед подлежащим, а основа инфинитива основного глагола -после него:
You need do this now.-Need you do this now?
They needn"t get up earlier today.- Needn" they get up earlier today?
В современном английском языке в модальном значении часто выступает и правильный, смысловой глагол to need, который употребляется с инфинитивом с частицей to и образует вопросительные формы с помощью вспомогательного глагола. Вместo Need I go there? общий вопрос к предложению с глаголом need выглядит как Do I need to go there?
Общий вопрос с глаголом dare
Глагол dare можеть быть как смысловым, так и модальным, выражая при этом одно основное значение-
Модальный глагол dare употребляется с инфинитивом без частицы to в Present Simple и образует общий вопрос с помощью инверсии. Глагол dare стоит перед подлежащим, а основа инфинитива основного глагола -после него :
You daren"t ask him for a favour.-Daren"t you ask him for a favour?
They ask him for a favour?
They dared not do it.-Dared they not do it?
В современном английском языке модальный глагол dare образует вопросительную форму как смысловой глагол-с помощью вспомогательных глаголов.Вместо Dare you ask him? Такие вопросы сейчас употребляются в речи гораздо чаще, чем вопросы с инверсий.
Образование общих вопросов с помощью вспомогательного глагола to do
Глаголы to do употребляется в качестве вспоиогательной формы Present Simple и Past Simple от всех глаголов, кроме вспомогательных и модальных (за исключением to have to и часто need и dare). Вспомогательный глагол to do также не употребляется,е ссли а качестве смыслового используется глаголы to be и to have (за исключением случаев, о которых говорится ниже.
Правило образования
При образовании общего вопроса с помощью вспомогательного to do этот глагол в нужной личной форме (do,does,did), а после подлежащего идет основа инфинитива смыслового глагола. Порядок остальных членов предложения остается таким же, и в повествовательном предложении:
I often go to the theatre.- Do you often go to the theatre?
He likes travelling by train.-Does he like travelling by train?
It rained from morning till night.- Did it rain from morning till night?
Грамматическое особенности употребления вспомогательного глагола to do в вопросе.
В настоящем времени Present Simple глагол to do имеет две формы:does для 3-го лица единственного числа и do для всех остальных лиц. В прошедшем времени (Past Simple) он имеет одну форму-did.В отличие от повествовательного предложения, где лексическое значение и грамматические признаки лица, числа и времени передает смысловой глагoл, в вопросительных (и отрицательных) предложениях смысловой глагол употребляется в виде инфинитива и несет только лексическое значение, а грамматическое значение выражает вспомогательный глагол to do