TEST III.
William Shakespeare (1564s – 1616)
William Shakespeare, the greatest English writer of drama, was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon. We do not know everything about Shakespeare’s early life. But we know that he studied at the Grammar School in Stratford, and that lie became interested in the theatre when lie was still a boy.
In 1586 Shakespeare went to London, where he worked in the theatre for some years before he began to write his own plays.
Shakespeare soon became well-known in London literary circles. Every play that he wrote was good news to the people of the capital. Queen Elizabeth liked Shakespeare's plays, and the actors were often invited to play before the Queen and later before King James - a great honour in those days. By the end of the 16th century, Shakespeare and his friends had enough money to build their own theatre - the famous Globe Theatre.
But we must not think that Shakespeare had no difficulties in his life. Less talented writers, whose plays were worse than his, often quarreled with Shakespeare and attacked him, the actors in his own theatre sometimes turned against him.
People in our Country love and honour Shakespeare. Many say that they love him for his wonderful optimism: in his light comedies and even in his tragedies lie seems to promise a better and brighter future for all mankind.
I. The text is about ...
1) Shakespeare's life.
2) the life of English people in Shakespeare's time.
3) the queen's and king's life.
4) the writers who lived in England in the 16th century.
II. Complete the sentence.
Shakespeare was especially good at...
1) novels.
2) detective stories.
3) mystery plays.
4) dramas.
III. Find the wrong statement.
1) In his childhood Shakespeare got interested in the theatre.
2) The King and the Queen of England liked his plays.
3) Shakespeare was widely known only for his Globe Theatre.
4) Shakespeare had difficulties in his life.
IV. Answer the question.
What kind of man was Shakespeare?
1) He was a man who liked to quarrel with people.
2) He was a man who was fond of saving money.
3) He was a man who tried to perform only in the king's palace.
4) He was a man who had wonderful optimism.
V. Why do you think Shakespeare is well-known throughout the world?
1) He was an English writer.
2) His actors disliked him.
3) He built his own theatre.
4) He wrote a lot of brilliant plays.
VI. Choose the synonym to the underlined word.
People in our country love and honour Shakespeare.
1) envy 2) respect 3) read 4) remember
Theatre and Cinema: How It All Began
Theatrical drama, as we understand it today, is based on three things. First, there must be an actor or actors speaking or singing. Second, there must be some dramatic conflict (or different relations) between actors. The two sides may be enemies, they may be friends that can't agree with each other, or they may be divided by misunderstanding. Third, and just as important as the other two, there must be an audience following the progress of the drama.
The first theatrical performances of this kind took place in ancient Greece. The Greek drama developed from hymns sung to Dionysius, the god of wine and good life. But it did not become true theatre until such performances included stories of the other gods and actors to represent them.
The first known actor was called Thespis. He was the leading singer and travelled from his birthplace to Athens in a cart that carried all his belongings and could be turned into a stage for performance. In Athens he won a prize at the new drama festival. People believe that he was also the first man who separated himself from other singers to make a dialogue with them. He was the first professional performer who was brave enough to play a god. Before him this role had always belonged to priests or kings.
Cinema is much younger than theatre. It was born at the end of the 19th century. The first people who showed the first movies to a paying public were the Lumiere Brothers of France. They did this at the Grand Cafe, Boulevard des Capucines, Paris, on the 20th February 1896. This was the first cinema show and it was quickly followed by many others in all parts of the world. The first films showed moving people and transport or newsreels of processions and wars, and short comedies. In 1901 France was the first country to produce a dramatic film, The Story of a Crime, which was followed by The Great Train Robbery in the United States in 1903.
At first, films were shown anywhere: in music halls, clubs and shops. By 1908, special film theatres were being built to give regular programmes. At this time cinema rapidly developed in both the New and the Old World. Charlie Chaplin made his first film, Making a Living, in 1914 in the USA. The Russian film industry was now going its own way. It produced such great films as Protazanov's The Queen of Spades (1916) and Father Sergius (1918). Both films starred Ivan Mosjoukhin, the famous actor. A little later Russia's great achievement in cinema was connected with its directors such as Eisenstein (The Battleship "Potemkin"), Pudovkin (Mother), Kuleshov (By the Law), Dovzhenko (Earth), and others. Then, in 1927, Warner Brothers in Hollywood made the first film in which an actor sang and spoke. The film was called Jazz Singer. It opened a new era in films — the era of the "talkies". The film mostly told its story with titles, but it had three songs and a short dialogue. There were long lines of people in front of the Warner Theatre in New York. The silent film was dead within a year. The first one hundred percent sound film, Lights of New York, appeared in 1928. The first colour films were made in the 1930s, but black-and-white films are still made today.
Now that you've read the text once, say:
1) in what country theatre was born; 2) why we remember Thespis; 3) when cinema was born; 4) what country produced the first dramatic film; 5) why the film Jazz Singer is important in the history of cinema; 6) how many names of films, actors and actresses mentioned in the text you can remember; 7) into what two parts the text can be divided logically.
Read the text again for more detailed information and find in the text words and word combinations which mean:
1. основана на ...; 2. взаимоотношения; 3. они могут поссориться из-за того, что неправильно поняли друг друга; 4. драма развилась из (произошла от) гимна; 5. повозка, в которой он вез все свое имущество; 6. он получил награду (приз); 7. первый профессиональный исполнитель; 8. эта роль всегда принадлежала священникам или королям; 9. публика, которая платит деньги; 10. хроники новостей, показывающие процессии и войны; 11. искусство кино быстро развивалось; 12. великие достижения России в области кинематографии; 13. с помощью титров; 14. длинные очереди; 15. немые фильмы; 16. полностью звуковой фильм.
Find in the text the names of these films:
«Зарабатывая на жизнь»
«История преступления»
«Пиковая дама»
«Огни Нью-Йорка»
«Броненосец Потемкин»
«Отец Сергий»
«По закону»
«Большое ограбление поезда»
«Земля»
«Мать»
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