Как сдать экзамен по английскому языку

Раздел 2 Чтение

Во втором разделе ОГЭ по английскому языку представлены два задания на чтение. Учащимся предлагаются тексты разных жанров. Задания направлены на понимание основного или полного содержания, а также интересующей информации. В процессе чтения важно уметь определять тему и основную мысль, разграничивать основные и второстепенные факты, устанавливать логику повествования.

Общие стратегии и рекомендации для успешного выполнения заданий на чтение

1. Внимательно познакомьтесь с заданиями, их структура и требования остаются неизменными в разных вариантах КИМ, поэтому вы можете не тратить время на чтение самих заданий, а внимательно знакомиться с содержательной частью.

2. В процессе чтения текстов обращайте внимание на ключевые слова, которые помогают вникнуть в общее содержание. Попробуйте прочитать первые фразы абзаца и предположить его основную тему или идею, в ходе дальнейшего чтения проверь себя.

3. Старайтесь не обращаться часто к словарю, попытайтесь догадаться о значениях незнакомых слов по контексту. Однако потом уже после прочтения текста рекомендую уточнить значения слов в словаре, особенно ключевых. Это поможет расширить лексический запас и также проверить правильность языковой догадки.

4. Будьте внимательны к отрицаниям. Они могут быть выражены как лексически, так и грамматически.

5. Старайтесь соблюдать быстрый темп чтения текста, это способствует организации времени. Также это помогает не зацикливаться на собственном недопонимании некоторой информации. Она может быть не столь важна, а в случае необходимости к ней можно вернуться и перечитать.

6. Обращайте внимание на мелкие детали, предлагаемые в вариантах ответа. Сверяйте их с текстом, так как даже незначительные изменения информации являются неправильными вариантами ответа. Старайтесь не допустить ошибки.

1. Задание на соответствие приведённых заголовков

Стратегии выполнения задания I по чтению:

1. Начните с чтения заголовков и попробуйте предугадать, о чём может идти речь в тексте; даже если вы затрудняетесь в понимании какого-либо заголовка, не задерживайтесь на этом, переходите к чтению текстов.

2. После чтения каждого текста выберите, какой заголовок подходит. Если вы сомневаетесь, отмечайте те заголовки, в которых вы уверены. К наиболее трудным текстам можно будет вернуться позже, когда останется ограниченное количество вариантов.

3. Не переходите к другому тексту, пока вы не дочитали текст до конца, даже если заголовок вам кажется понятным уже по первым фразам. Иногда в середине или в конце текста встречаются новые детали, которые могут полностью изменить ваш выбор заголовка.

4. Если заголовки близки по смыслу, обратите внимание на детали и подберите наиболее подходящий, который точнее отражает содержание текста.

5. После выбора заголовков для всех фрагментов, убедитесь, что заголовок который вы не использовали, не подходит ни к одному тексту, а также что ни один из заголовков не встречается дважды.

Ниже предлагаю для решения три тренировочных варианта:

Прочитайте тексты и установите соответствие между текстами и их заголовками: к каждому тексту, обозначенному буквами A – G, подберите соответствующий заголовок, обозначенный цифрами 1 – 8. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании есть один лишний заголовок.

Вариант 1

1. Made of stone

2. The progress and decline

3. A religious centre

4. Constructing the pyramid

5. Sacred rituals

6. Extended power

7. A popular tourist site in Mexico

8. Sacred wells

1. The history of Chichen Itza dates back to the classic period of Mayan civilization. Chichen Itza was a big city build by Maya people. It was on the top of its development from about 600 AD until 1221 when the power in the region shifted to Mayan. Throughout its nearly 1,000 year’s history, Maya people took part in its building and left mark in the city.

2. This great city’s only permanent water source was a series of natural wells. They are almost perfectly circular. The water itself is almost 15 meters deep. They were likely a key reason for why the Maya built such an immense city here. They are fed by an underground river, and gave water for the city as well as served as a location where the Maya conducted religious rites.

3. In about 600 AD, Chichen Itza started to obtain importance in the region. Between 900 and 1050 AD, Chichen Itza became a powerful capital. It also controlled northern and central Yucatan at the time. The main part of Chichen Itza covered about 5 square kilometers, but scientists have found proof that smaller settlements that belonged to the city extended further out.

4. Chichen Itza was a sacred site for a long period during ancient times. It really was known as the pilgrimage place for the Maya. It is said that the site of Chichen Itza was at the time a popular site of pilgrimage before the building of the city ever began. Today the location is visited by tourists and religious pilgrims alike.

5. The El Castillo pyramid is situated in Chichen Itza. The 365 step pyramid is in the magnificent city of Chichen Itza. The steps were constructed throughout the year, one step each day. The pyramid forms a temple with four sides. Each side has 91 steps making the top level with the 365 steps. The pyramid attracted talented people and advanced astronomers who observed stars.

6. The term “Chichen Itza” means “mouth of well of the Itza”. The Itza people are believed to have been an ethnic group. Human remains discovered at the site of Chichen Itza have led to the popular belief that some form of human sacrifice once took place there. Those sacrifices were possibly a form of worship to Chac who was the Maya god of rain.

7. Stone is the material used for all buildings in Chichen Itza. It is said that the Maya people did not use the wheel to build any of their temples, pyramids or palaces. The construction of the city of Chichen Itza took place on rough terrain covering an area of 5 square kilometers or more. The area had to be manually leveled off in preparation for construction work.

Вариант 2

1. A month to celebrate a wonderful dish

2. The first people to make pasta

3. Latin roots of the Italian term

4. A great variety of pasta recipes

5. Linked to Greek mythology

6. Technological advances

7. A source of energy for our body

8. The necessary ingredient

1. A popular tale states that Marco Polo introduced pasta to Italy after his expedition to the Far East. It happened in the late 13^th century. Even so, pasta can be traced back as far as the fourth century B.C. An Etruscan tomb shows a group of people making something that appeared to be pasta. The Chinese made a noodle-like food as early as 3000 B. C. The first mentioning about pasta in a book was in the year 1154.

2. Pasta was initially made by hand. In the 18^th century Cesare Spadacinni designed the first pasta making machine. The design of this machine resulted from a request made by The King of Naples. Thomas Jefferson brought the first “macaroni” machine to America in 1789 when he went back home after serving as ambassador in France. The first industrial pasta factory in America was constructed in Brooklyn in 1848.

3. The Italian word “pasta” comes from the same Latin word that means “dough”. It also has the same root with the word of pastry and it was the Italian pastry makers who first spread the art of edible pastry making to the rest of Europe. There are over 600 kinds of pasta and more than 1000 names which are prepared in different regions of the world.

4. Pasta is a good source of carbohydrates. It also contains protein. Carbohydrates give energy to our body and it is released slowly over time. One cup of cooked spaghetti gives about 200 calories, less than one gram of total fat, 40 grams of carbohydrates, no cholesterol and only one gram of sodium when cooked without salt.

5. With so many sizes and shapes of pasta available, and so many great pasta recipes, you can serve pasta every day for a year and never make it the same way twice! The most popular pasta dishes are spaghetti Bolognese, and lasagna. Another favorite pasta recipe is macaroni and cheese. It is said to be introduced by Thomas Jefferson who served it at a presidential dinner in 1802.

6. October is more than just pumpkins and candy. In addition to celebrating noodles, chocolate and plenty of tasty meals, it is a National Pasta Month. During this month, a worldwide group known as the National Pasta Association enjoys consuming and discussing pasta, and its history. Ordinary people are reminded of the simple joy of gathering around a meal everyone can enjoy: a hearty plateful of pasta!

7. Durum wheat is a type of wheat that is very high in protein, and tends to be quite dense. It is often considered to be one of the most useful for nutrition forms of wheat. The durum wheat makes the best top-quality pasta. Russian-grown durum wheat is known among the best in the world. The naturally rich yellow colour of the durum wheat gives pasta its golden colour.

Вариант 3

1. Exploding myths

2. Earning respect

3. A reasonable pay

4. The problem of overworking

5. Training done by agencies

6. The evolution of policing

7. The highest numbers

8. Important requirements

1. Police work is not a career known for high salaries, but officers can make fairly good incomes in some areas and with experience. The average yearly salary for police officers in the US was 56,260 dollars in 2015, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The median annual salary was 54,230 dollars. Ten percent of earners were at or below 32,080 dollars while the top 10 percent were at or above 84,980 dollars.

2. Majority of police and detectives work at least forty hours a week. They get extra pay when they work longer hours. Some police have to work nights and weekends because police work is a 24-hour-a-day job and may work long hours on a case. They have to be ready to go to work whenever it is necessary.

3. A common myth about policing is that it needs people who are physically imposing. Police work is not all about size and muscles. Another myth suggests that police officers aren’t supposed to get scared. Police officers face circumstances that cause them to be fearful. Police applicants do always have to know a lot about self-defense, laws and using firearms.

4. In the USA police officers must be citizens of the country. They must also be people of good mental and physical health, and must complete special testing successfully. A high school diploma and successful completion of a written exam are other general requirements. Other requirements differ considerably based on the agency. College education in criminal justice or an associated area can also be needed.

5. A person must meet the training requirements available in agencies to work as police officer. Most agencies have training academies while smaller agencies complete their training at a local college, university, or through a larger academy. Through the academy, a person receives training that prepares him for a policing career in areas such as defensive tactics or laws and regulations.

6. California had the highest number of officers at 73,550 police officers and paid the highest average annual income of 78,790 dollars. New York and Texas both had over 54,000 officers. Florida had 35,370, and Illinois had 29,510. The Metropolitan Police Service is London’s biggest employer with over 33,000 police officers. After training, a Metropolitan police officer takes home over 30,000 dollars a year.

7. A new initiative was introduced in India. The police chief in the Jhabua district implemented a new moustache-growing initiative. This came under the belief that moustaches make cops gain more respect compared to cops with no moustaches. The chief also has to inspect the moustaches himself to make sure they’re not too intimidating.

1. Задание на установление соответствия приведённых утверждений прочитанному тексту

Стратегии выполнения задания II по чтению:

1. Пробегите глазами текст, чтобы понять общее содержание, тему.

2. Прочитайте первый вопрос и варианты ответа, далее переходите к внимательному чтению первого абзаца, выберите ответ на поставленный вопрос, найдите подтверждение выбранному ответу в тексте. Обратите внимание, что оно представлено в перефразированном виде, поэтому не старайтесь найти дословного ответа.

3. Подобная стратегия сохраняется при поиске ответов на каждый вопрос.

4. Важно провести различие между фактами, приведёнными в тексте и вашими собственными выводами, сделанными на основе содержания текста.

5. Очень важно уметь отличать отсутствие в тексте информации от её несоответствия тексту:

- выбирайте True, если об этом говорится в тексте, но возможно другими словами;

- выбирайте False, если об этом говорится в тексте, но утверждение противоположно содержанию текста;

- выбирайте Not stated, если об этом чётко не говорится в тексте, но утверждение не противоречит его содержанию.

На примере приведённого ниже короткого текста предлагаю потренировать умение корректного выбора True/False/Not stated.

Прочитайте текст:

Do you like to ride your bike? Most people ride bikes in warm weather, but not many ride when it is cold outside. Almost no one rides a bicycle during the snowy winter. One unusual man does ride on snow, and on ice, too. His name is Doug Stoup. Doug rode his bike in Antarctica! No place on Earth has more ice, snow, wind, and extreme cold. Of course, has warm clothes, and he has a special bicycle called an ice bike. Like other bikes, Doug’s ice bike has two wheels, but the tires are different. They are very fat. Thin tires slip on ice. Fat tires may look funny, but they do not slip as much.

Какое из приведённых утверждений соответствует содержанию текста (True), какое не соответствует (False), и о чём в тексте не сказано (Not stated).

1. Doug Stoup made his special bicycle himself.

2. Stoup’s bicycle differs from an ordinary bicycle.

3. Doug Stoup rode his bike in the hottest place on Earth.

При выборе ответов обратите внимание на следующие факты:

1. В тексте указано на то, что Стэуп имеет особый велосипед, но указание на то, что он сделал его сам, отсутствует. Соответственно, вариант для первого предложения – Not stated.

2. Велосипед Стэупа отличается от обычных велосипедов, на данный факт указывает следующее предложение из теста: Like other bikes, Doug’s ice bike has two wheels, but the tires are different. Поэтому мы выбираем ответ – True.

3. Стэуп ездит на своём велосипеде в одном из самых холодных мест на земле, а не в самом жарком – правильный вариант ответа – False.

Ниже предлагаю для решения три тренировочных варианта:

Прочитайте текст. Определите, какие из приведённых утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста (1 - True), какие не соответствуют (2 - False) и о чём в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3 – Not stated). В поле ответа запишите одну цифру, которая соответствует номеру правильного ответа.

Вариант 1

There is a place in the world where all the forces of nature create an environment so unique that there are animals like nowhere else on Earth. This is the land where Alfred Wallace spent 8 years exploring from 1854 to 1862, and where he made some of the most important scientific discoveries of all time. Wallace played a key role in the discovery of evolution, and also explained the important role of islands and their influence on the natural world.

Born in 1823 in Wales, Wallace was a modest man, but he was fond of nature and he started out collecting insects as a hobby, but eventually it helped him to explore the world. Luckily for Wallace, Victorian Britain was discovering an interest in wonderful insects, so the demand from museums and private collections for them was growing. Wallace made a living doing what he loved: collecting insects.

But his first trip ended in disaster. Wallace went to the Amazon in South America. Its giant forests were rich in new species. After four years Wallace set off for home, but his boat caught fire in the middle of the Atlantic. Everyone survived, but the collection he made was ruined. Wallace had to watch four years of work, and his entire living went up in flames. But he did not let it stop him.

In 1854, aged 31, Wallace set off on another adventure. To Wallace, the region he wanted to explore was known as the Malay Archipelago. To modern biologists, it is Wallacea: thousands of South-East-Asian islands that lie between Asia and Australia. This part of the world was so far from Wallace’s home, many Europeans at the time did not even know it existed. The adventure started with a journey from London to Singapore. The trip took 6 weeks and involved every mode of transport in existence at the time.

His bags and packers differed from ordinary Victorians’ luggage. He looked like he was traveling light. As a rule, people usually took everything with them from furniture and clothes to salt and pepper. Wallace needed all his scientific equipment for collecting insects, including nets, boxes and cages and his heaviest packers contained all those necessary things.

He made his base in Singapore, and from there he spent eight years travelling to different groups of islands in the region.

At this time, scientists began to realize that the Earth, and the life on it, was far older than previously thought. Instead of just a few thousand years old, the world was millions of years old.

In 1858, Wallace was on the island of Ternate in Indonesia. There he wrote what became known as the “Ternate essay”: a piece of writing that was to change our understanding of life forever. In his essay, Wallace argued that a species would only turn into another species if they were struggling for existence.

Wallace sent his ideas to the English naturalist Charles Darwin, with whom he often exchanged letters. Darwin had not published his ideas. He quickly realized that Wallace’s discoveries matched up with his own, and decided to present both their papers at the same time. They both became famous. But after Darwin published his book in 1859, he became known as the man who discovered evolution. Most people forgot about Wallace.

When Wallace finally returned home, he found a country that had been shaken by his and Darwin’s discoveries. People were questioning their understanding of the world and their place within it. Wallace had collected over 125,000 species. They still are in museums all over the world today. Wallace warned his readers that the world was not created for the benefit of humanity. Given how much else Wallace was right about, perhaps we should all take this idea to heart.

1. Wallace was a scientist who discovered new animals.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Wallace had to collect insects because he didn’t have any other job.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. The boat sailing to England was destroyed by the fire and Wallace’s collection was lost.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Modern scientists call the region Wallace explored in 1858 in honor to this outstanding scientist.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Wallace’s luggage was huge as he took furniture and other necessary things on the journey.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Wallace wrote the “Ternate Essay” which described the struggle between species.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Wallace argued with Darwin after he had published his book.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Wallace said that people should enjoy all the benefits of our world.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

Вариант 2

Even if math doesn’t rank high on your list of favourite subjects, chances are you still look forward to Pi Day. That’s because though the discussions may begin with Pi they invariably end with a piece or two of yummy pizza! The event is celebrated on March 14 because though the irrational number (its numeric representation never ends and never repeats) has been calculated to over ten trillion digits, it is widely recognized as 3.14.

Now in its 29^th year, Pi Day was started in 1988 by San Francisco’s Exploratorium Museum to acknowledge the importance of mathematics in our everyday lives. Given that March 14 is also Albert Einstein’s birthday makes the celebration extra special.

While the museum was the first to honor the mathematical constant, Pi Day is now widely recognized across the country. At the California Institute of Technology in Los Angeles, students celebrate the event at 1:59 am local time with a pie-eating party that features five varieties of 26 pies each. Though the precise time and number of pies may seem random, they all serve a purpose. Line up the 3.14 (date), 159 (time), 26 (# of pies), and 5(# of varieties), in the right sequence and you will end up with 3.14159265, or the first nine digits of Pi!

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology celebrates the event by letting prospective students know if they have a place at the institution. The e-mails are released at 6:28 pm EST in honor of Pi’s rival number Tau, which, as you may have guessed, is 6.28. The number, which is twice that of Pi, was first suggested in an article entitled “π is Wrong” by Bob Palais in 2001. The University of Utah professor argued π is confusing and therefore he suggested using an alternate constant equal to 2 π, (or 6.283…).

The town of Princeton, New Jersey, where Albert Einstein lived from 1935 until his death in 1955, goes all out with a four-day celebration that begins on March 11. The activities range from pie eating contests to Einstein look-alike competitions, concerts, movie screenings and even a Pi-recitation challenge where the grand prize winner takes home a check of $314.15.

Corporations get into the Pi Day spirit as well. In 2016, Pizza Hut collaborated with mathematician John H. Conway to stage a national Pi Day math contest. The winner was awarded 3.14 years of free pizzas.

For the fourth consecutive year, NASA’s Laboratory has created a Pi Day challenge. They offered four math problems for the agency’s scientists and engineers.

The Pi in the Sky Challenge, open to students grade six through high school, is designed to show the significance of Pi in the real world. The problems involve Mars craters, a total solar eclipse, a close encounter with Saturn, and the search for habitable worlds.

Though Pi Day celebrations are relatively new, the mathematical constant has been known to mankind for over 4,000 years. The ancient Babylonians were the first to calculate the area of a circle using three times the square of its radius, giving Pi the value of 3. They later got closer to the real number with an approximation of 3.124. Egyptian mathematicians made a little mistake, arriving at a number of 3.165 in 1650 BC. It is necessary to understand that they didn’t have even basic calculators at their disposal. So the accuracy was certainly impressive! Greek mathematician Archimedes was the first person to calculate Pi mathematically. However, the scholar was smart enough to realize that his number was an approximation and concluded that Pi could vary. Who knew math could be so much fun?

Happy Pi Day!

1. Pi Day is celebrated on March, 14 in all the universities of Great Britain.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. The idea to celebrate Pi Day first appeared in the USA.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. At the California Institute of Technology students usually organize a pizza-eating party.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Pi is twice than Tau.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. The participants of the contest in Princeton should recite Pi-digits.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. A boy from Australia won in a National Pi Day math contest organized by Pizza Hut.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Six grade students are offered problems to show practical opportunities of Pi in different fields of people life.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. In ancient time mathematicians often made mistakes calculating Pi.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

Вариант 3

Clouds usually mean bad news for pedestrians. But for people walking along some lucky Boston sidewalks, a rain uncovers a secret – a poem. It is written in waterproof paint and its appearance on the sidewalks is made by the rain as if by magic. So if you’re walking through Boston during a rain, make sure to keep your eyes on the pavement. You might just see a poem as it appear before your eyes on the floor.

For nearly a year, Bostonians walking around the city streets in the rain may have come across poems. They are written on the sidewalk. It’s an art installation which got the title of “Raining Poetry”. It could be realized thanks to the collaboration between the nonprofit organization of Mass Poetry and the city of Boston. The first poems were written on the pavement to celebrate the start of National Poetry Month. Several more were added since then. Some stencils with poetic lines and a water-repellant spray were used to create these poems. Another important detail that the poems are invisible during dry, sunny weather but they appear like magic once raindrops start falling from the sky. The secret is a water repellent spray that’s applied to the stencils. When it gets wet, the poetic secrets are revealed.

Sara Siegel the program director of the nonprofit Mass Poetry said that they wanted to bring poetry to people. Maybe they’re not in a great mood because they are on their way home after a hard day in the office or it’s raining, but then they see a poem. It’s something that lifts up their spirits a little bit.

Many figures of last century’s American poetry were born or lived in Boston. They played powerful roles in Boston’s literary and cultural scenes. The names of E. E. Cummings, Sylvia Plath and Langston Hughes are among the outstanding personalities. The Raining Poetry initiative honours these celebrities as well as promotes talented contemporary poets such as Elizabeth McKim, Barbara Helfgott Hyett, and Gary Duehr.

The poems were selected by Danielle Georges. She is Boston’s poet laureate. They include written works by artists like Langston Hughes and Gary Duehr. Georges selected the poems based on their relationship to Boston. Besides, their general themes of water and rain were also important factors to choose.

The poems were installed by members of the Mayor’s Mural Crew. It is an organization that introduces young artists to the process of creating public art. The poems can be fixed to the sidewalk in minutes. It should wear away in six to eight weeks. However, the city of Boston and Mass Poetry plan on carpeting city sidewalks with more poems.

The poems appear throughout the city. They are in neighborhoods from Hyde Park to Roslindale. If you want to check out the invisible sidewalk art, they can be found at the Dudley Square Café in Dudley Square, the Strand Theatre in Uphams Corner, by the library on Harvard Avenue in Hyde Park, and by the Washington Street in Roslindale.

While all of the poems currently installed are written in English, there is an idea to add new ones in the many languages that are spoken throughout Boston, like Portuguese, Haitian Creole and Spanish.

So if you’re out and about in Boston the next time it rains, keep an eye to the ground. You might just spot a poem shining under the raindrops.

1. Poems are written on the walls of buildings in Boston.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Raining poetry is a project realized during National Poetry Month.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. People can see poems only in raining weather because of special paints.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. The main aim of the project is to decorate streets of Boston.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. The project promotes only talented contemporary poets.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Rainbows are mentioned in some selected poems.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. It takes several minutes to fix poems to the sidewalks.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ:

1. Poems were written in French.

1. True

2. False

3. Not stated

Ответ: