Формирование навыков написания эссе

Формирование навыков написания эссе

Задание 40 на ЕГЭ по английскому является заданием повышенного уровня сложности и официально носит название “развернутое письменное высказывание с элементами рассуждения (ваше мнение)”.

Из демоверсии ЕГЭ 2019 с сайта ФИПИ (FIPI.RU) видно, что теперь ученик может выбрать любую из двух предложенных тем эссе

Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных высказываний (40.1 или 40.2), укажите его номер в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ № 2 и выразите своё мнение по предложенной проблеме согласно данному плану.

Comment on one of the following statements.

40.1 Science is the first thing to be financed in the modern world.

40.2 An early choice of a career path is the key to success.

What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement? Write 200–250 words.

Use the following plan:

− make an introduction (state the problem paraphrasing the given statement)

− express your personal opinion and give 2–3 reasons for your opinion

− express an opposing opinion and give 1–2 reasons for this opposing opinion

− explain why you do not agree with the opposing opinion

− make a conclusion restating your position

Критерии оценки Чтобы понять, как нужно писать эссе, необходимо ознакомиться с критериями оценивания задания 40 с сайта ФИПИ.

• Решение коммуникативной задачи
• Организация текста
• Лексика, грамматика, орфография и пунктуация

При оценивании задания 40 особое внимание уделяется способности экзаменуемого продуцировать развёрнутое письменное высказывание. Если более 30% ответа имеет непродуктивный характер (т.е. текстуально совпадает с опубликованным источником), то выставляется 0 баллов по критерию «Решение коммуникативной задачи», и, соответственно, всё задание оценивается в 0 баллов. Текстуальным совпадением считается дословное совпадение отрезка письменной речи длиной 10 слов и более. Выявленные текстуальные совпадения суммируются, и при превышении ими 30% от общего количества слов в ответе работа оценивается в 0 баллов.

Готовиться к заданию 40 советуют, когда уровень ученика соответствует хотя бы B1 (идеально – B2, потому что он заявлен как ключ к успеху на ЕГЭ). C уровнем B1 можно начинать подготовку к этому заданию примерно за 6 месяцев до экзамена –разбирать критерии оценки, читать и анализировать эссе прошлых лет, и в конце пробовать писать свои сочинения.

Тренировочные упражнения

Task 1. Put all parts of the text in the order

Should cars be banned from the cities?

There are many positive aspects to banning cars from city centers. To begin with, it would help to drastically reduce air and noise pollution. This is extremely important, especially as the carbon dioxide from car exhausts is seriously harming the environment and our health. In addition, it would probably reduce the number of accidents and generally make the city center a more pleasant.

Most people would agree that cars have made our lives much easier. They have, however, brought many problems as well. Many people now believe that there should be a total ban on cars from our city centers. Undoubtedly, this suggestion has both advantages and disadvantages.

All things considered, although there are many advantages to using cars in the city centers, there is no excuse for people not to use public transport more often than at present. For this reason, I strongly argue that it would be better in the long run if cars were banned from the city centers.

On the other hand, banning cars totally from city centers would have its disadvantages. Firstly, it would inconvenience millions of people. Cars are faster and more comfortable than public transport and do not follow fixed routes. Also, it is likely that public transport would be much more crowded. If cars were not allowed access to all parts of cities then more people would use public transport.

Task 2. Match the paragraphs with the headings.

Writer’s opinion

Arguments against and justifications

Presenting the topic

Arguments for and justification

Task 3. Write the introduction for the following quotations:

An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.

Success doesn't come to you…you go to it.

Bad beginning makes a bad ending.

Better be born lucky than rich.

Company in distress makes trouble less.

Many people prefer to travel abroad; others say that there is much to be seen in our own country.

• Read the essay. Are there any of your points mentioned?
• What other points for/ against of travelling abroad or in our country are used?
• Which paragraph (1-4): a) introduces the topic? b) gives the advantages with reasons/examples? c) gives the disadvantages with reasons/examples?
• Look at the underlined words/phrases. Which: give an opposite opinion? add reasons? introduce a conclusion? introduce an argument?

Most people find travelling very exciting. It gives them an opportunity to enjoy sightseeing, to discover new things, to meet interesting people, to rest physically and morally and to get won­derful impressions.

It is a well-known fact that there is hardly anything more interesting and exciting than a journey to a foreign coun­try. A visit to London, Paris and Rome is a wonderful experience in everybody’s life. Travelling abroad gives people a chance to feel thousands of miles away from home, to visit great cities and small villages, to admire foreign architecture, cuisine and culture, to make friends and what not. What is more , it is the best way to broaden mind, to improve knowledge of history and geography and to make life interesting.

However , a lot of people are sure that there is much to be seen in our own country. Indeed, it is difficult to disagree with them. There are many places of interest in my native town: ancient churches, monuments, museums and parks. One can go to Moscow and visit its theatres, cathe­drals, art galleries and what not. The Kremlin attracts thousands of tourists as it is the heart of Moscow and the center of the Russian government. St. Petersburg, the former capital of Russia, is known for its magnificent palaces, famous museums, beautiful buildings and wide streets. Besides , there are many small towns and villages in our country which are definitely worth vis­iting.

To conclude , we should learn everything about our own country first of all. But if we want to learn more about the world around us and to expand the mind, we should travel abroad.

Read the following statements. Which are pros/cons of visiting foreign countries? In groups think of reasons/examples.

While travelling abroad you need a lot of money.

Travelling abroad gives a chance to visit great cities and small villages, to admire foreign architecture, cuisine and culture.

It is the best way to improve your knowledge of history and geography. You may be tired of a great number of sites.

pros

cons

What linking words/phrases does the author use:

to give an opposite opinion:

to add reasons:

to introduce an argument:

to introduce a conclusion:

or

What linking words/phrases does the author use:

to give a personal opinion:

to give an opposite opinion:

to add reasons:

to introduce an argument:

to introduce a conclusion:

Заключение

Итак, для того, чтобы сформировать умение писать сочинение с элементами рассуждения, нужно работать со стратегиями его выполнения, тренируясь с помощью соответствующих упражнений. Данный комплекс упражнений действительно будет способствовать развитию навыков самостоятельного творческого мышления и письменного изложения собственных мыслей.

Писать эссе чрезвычайно полезно, поскольку это позволяет автору научиться четко и грамотно формулировать мысли, структурировать информацию, использовать основные категории анализа, выделять причинно-следственные связи, иллюстрировать понятия соответствующими примерами, аргументировать свои выводы.

Спасибо за внимание!