Методическая разработка по теме FOOD

18

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

British Meals Invitations Canadian Food American Food Supplementary Texts for Reading and Discussion

4 7 12 13 14

Text 1

CHANGES IN DIET AND SHOPPING

Britain is an island between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, and for those who live near the sea, fish and shellfish have always been important. Before people had ridges to keep food cold and fresh, they started to keep fish from going bad by salting, drying or smoking it. One thing which has changed is the way some foods are seen as ordinary and cheap, and others special and valuable. Shellfish like oysters used to be popular with poor people because anyone could go to a beach and pick them up, for free. Today they are harder to find and usually quite expensive.

Away from the sea, people first ate wild animals, but then hundreds of years ago they began keeping sheep, cows and chickens on farms. Farmers have grown fruit, vegetables and cereals (for making bread) for centuries too. During the Middle Ages (eleventh to fifteenth centuries), ships brought sugar, nuts and spices from far away. The spices were often used to hide the taste of food which was going bad! When sailors went to foreign places, they brought back more kinds of food. At first only rich people could buy the things brought from overseas, but slowly they became cheaper and easier to find.

When gas and electricity came into people's houses, cooking became much easier, and fridges and freezers meant people could keep food much longer.

The diet of many British people is quite different to that of their parents and has often changed in their own lifetime. Those who lived during the Second World War (1939-1945) can remember when there was not a lot of food to choose from. Fruit like bananas and oranges were very difficult to find, and each person could have only fifty grams butter and sugar each week. Today we have many more fruits d other foods to choose from and ways to cook them, like microwave ovens. But we have less time for shopping and cooking.

People used to walk to their nearest shops almost every day. They it to the baker's for bread, the butcher's for meat, the greengrocer's fruit and vegetables and so on. Now they drive to supermarkets where they can buy everything under one roof. The very big supermarkets, or superstores, sell over 20,000 different products, including food from Africa, Asia and the Americas. Many of the small shops have lost so much business that they have closed down.

We also know more about health and the body today. Children grow up learning that some foods are good for us while others, for example some sugars and fats, are bad. Some people have tried to change their diet to eat healthier food and most shopping centres have health food shops which sell lots of different natural foods.

Some people, called vegetarians, choose not to eat meat for a number of different reasons. Some do not like it, some think it is wrong to kill and eat animals, some think it is too expensive or just not safe. There are several different kinds of vegetarians: those who eat fish but no meat, those who eat eggs and dairy products (things which come from milk, like butter and cheese) but no meat, and those who do not eat any animal or anything which comes from an animal - so no meat, no fish, no milk and no eggs. They eat fruit, vegetables, nuts, bread, rice, etc.

People have been vegetarians all round the world for thousands of years, and in Britain the number has grown quite a lot recently. This is partly because some people have become ill and even died after eating unsafe food. Another reason is that many people do not like the way animals are farmed. Examples of this are battery chickens, or young cows kept in the dark so their meat stays light in colour. About 5% of people in Britain today do not eat any meat, about 10% do not eat red meat, and most people say they eat less meat now than in the past. If a food is suitable for vegetarians, the packet often has the letter “V” on it, and vegetarian meals on a menu often have the “V” next to them to help people choose what to eat.

Writing practice

1. Read the text carefully and write an essay about 250 words, summarizing the information given in the text. Try to follow the changes in food and shopping from the Middle Age till present time.

1. Do the internet research and try to find some information about food and shopping changes in your country. Present it in any form you like (oral presentation, writing an essay, acting out a dialogue with your partner).

Text 2

Pre-reading questions:

1. Have you ever been abroad? What foreign dishes do you know? How many of them can you cook?

2. What meal do you like to have on breakfast, dinner or supper?

MEALS IN ENGLAND

Meals and mealtimes in England are not the same in all families.

Breakfast is the first meal of the day. But it is often a rather hurried and informal meal. Most people do not have a full breakfast, and some have no breakfast at all apart from a hot drink. People who do have a full breakfast say that it is quite good. That is why the writer Somerset Maugham once gave the following advice: "If you want to eat well in England, eat three breakfasts daily."

At one o'clock comes a meal which is dinner to some people, lunch for others. More than half the population has a hot dinner (sometimes called lunch) in the middle of the day, and a cool meal in the evening. Others have a light lunch at one, and a hot dinner in the evening. Many men work too far away from their homes to be able to go home for a hot meal in the middle of the day, and many schoolchildren, too, have their lunch in schools. But on Sundays the family sits down together. Sometimes the mother puts the food on the plates in the kitchen, carrying them into the dining-room afterwards; sometimes it is served from large dishes in the dining-room itself.

The next meal is tea, with slices of bread and butter, cakes, and of course cups of tea. Mother and children may have their tea together at five o'clock in the afternoon, or they may wait a little for father to come in after work.

As it was said above, in the evening some people have a cool meal, which they usually call high tea (or supper). Others have a main meal in the evening, called dinner.

Text 3

1. Read the text and say what the English usually have for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

ENGLISH MEALS

The usual English meals are breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner; or, in simpler homes — breakfast, dinner, tea and supper. Breakfast is generally a bigger meal than people have on the Continent, though some English people like a "continental" breakfast of rolls and butter, jam and coffee. But the usual English breakfast is porridge or corn flakes with milk or cream and sugar, bacon and eggs, marmalade with buttered toast, and tea or coffee. For a change they can have a boiled egg, cold ham, or perhaps fish.

Englishmen have lunch about one o'clock as a rule. The business men in London usually find it impossible to come home for lunch, and so they go to a cafe or a restaurant. But if they make lunch at home they have cold meat (left over probably from yesterday's dinner), potatoes, salad and pickles, with a pudding or fruit to follow. Sometimes they have a mutton chop, or steak and chips, followed by biscuits and cheese, and some people like a glass of light beer with lunch.

Afternoon tea one can hardly call a meal, but it is a sociable sort of things, as friends often come in then for a chat while they have their cup of tea, cake or biscuit. But there are people in Lancashire, for example, who prefer more substantial meal and call it "high tea". They have it between five and six o'clock, and they have ham or tongue and tomatoes and salad, or tinned salmon, or sausages, with good strong tea, plenty of bread and butter, then stewed fruit, or a tin of pears, apricots or pineapple with cream and pastries or a good cake. And that's what they call a good tea.

In some houses dinner is the biggest meal of the day. They begin with soup, followed by fish, roast chicken, potatoes and vegetables, a sweet, fruit and nuts. Then they go into the sitting-room for coffee and cigarettes. But in many English homes they make the midday meal the chief one of the day, and in the evening they have the much simpler supper — an omelette, or sausages, sometimes bacon and eggs and sometimes just bread and cheese, a cup of tea or cocoa and fruit.

2. Check your comprehension.

1. What are the usual English meals? 2. What is bigger: En­glish or Continental breakfast? 3. What is the usual English breakfast? 4. At what time do Englishmen have lunch? 5. Where do English business men generally have lunch? 6. What do En­glishmen eat for lunch? 7. What is afternoon tea? 8. What do you understand by "high tea"? 9. What is the biggest meal of the day in England? 10. Do Englishmen have supper? What do they have for it, if any?

1. Vocabulary practice. Match the following words with the Russian equivalents.

1. baked beans a) пережаренный бифштекс

2. overdone steak b) достаточно

3. grouse c) пропитанный водой, сырой

4. strain d) почка

5. sufficiently e) запеченые бобы

6. soggy f) процеживать

7. kidney g) повод для ворчания

8. saddle of mutton h) копченая рыба, особенно

селёдка

9. smoked fish, especially kippers i) седло барашка

Text 4

AN INVITATION TO DINNER

The two features of life in England that possibly give visitors their worst impressions are the English weather and English cooking. English food has often been described as tasteless. Although this criticism has been more than justified in the past, and in many instances still is, the situation is changing somewhat. One of the reasons that English cooking is improving is that so many people have been spending their holidays abroad and have learned to appreciate unfamiliar dishes. However, there are still many British people who are so unadventurous when they will condemn everywhere that does not provide them with tea and either fish and chips or sausage, baked beans and chips or overdone steak and chips.

One of the traditional grouses about English food is the way that vegetables are cooked. Firstly the only way that many British housewives know to cook green vegetables is to boil them for far too long in too much salt water and then to throw the water away so that all the vitamins are lost. To make matters worse, they do not strain the vegetables sufficiently so that they appear as a soggy wet mass on the plate.

It would be unfair to say that all English food is bad! Many traditional British dishes are as good as anything you can get anywhere. Nearly everybody knows about roast beef and Yorkshire pudding but this is by no means the only dish that is cooked well. A visitor if invited to an English home might well enjoy steak and kidney pudding or pie, saddle of mutton with red-currant jelly, all sorts of smoked fish, especially kippers, boiled salt beef and carrots, to mention but a few.

A strange thing about England that the visitor may notice is that most of the good restaurants in England are run and staffed by for­eigners - for example there is a large number of Chinese, Indian and Italian restaurants and to a less extent French and Spanish ones.

(From Access to English Turning Point by M. Coles and B. Lord)

1. Read the text for detail. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Give your arguments.

1. One of the traditional grouses about English food is the way that vegetables are cooked.

2. English food has often been described as tasty.

3. Nobody knows about roast beef and Derby pudding but this is by no means the only dish that is cooked well.

4. The two features of life in England that possibly give visitors their worst impressions are the English character and English parks.

Text 5

A NICE CUP OF TEA

The English custom of afternoon tea, it is said, goes back to the late eighteenth century when Anne, wife of the 7^th Duke of Bedford, decided that she suffered from a "sinking feeling" around 5 p.m and needed tea and cakes to bring back her strength. Before long, com­plaints were heard that "the labourers lose time to come and go to the tea-table and farmers' servants even demand tea for their breakfast". Tea had arrived. Fashionable Tea Rooms were opened for high socie­ty, and soon tea became the national drink of all classes.

Today the British drink more tea than any other nation - an average of 4 kilos a head per annum, or 1650 cups of tea a year. They drink it in bed in the morning, round the fire on winter afternoons and out in the garden on sunny summer days. In times of trouble the kettle is quickly put on, the tea is made and comforting cups of the warm brown liquid are passed round.

Tea has even played its part in wars. When George III of England tried to make the American colonists pay import duty on tea, a group of Americans disguised as Red Indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the sea in Boston Harbour - the Boston Tea Party which led to the War of Independence. In another war the Duke of Wellington sensibly had a cup of tea before starting the Battle of Waterloo, "to clear my head". In peace time official approval of the national drink came from the Victorian Prime Minister, Gladstone, who remarked: "If you are cold, tea will warm you, if you are heated it will cool you, if you are depressed it will cheer you, if you are excited it will calm you."

What exactly is tea? Basically it is a drink made from the dried leaves of a plant that only grows in hot countries. The British first heard of tea in 1598, and first tasted it in about 1650. For nearly two centuries all tea was imported from China, until, in 1823, a tea plant was found growing naturally in Assam in India. Sixteen years later the first eight chests of Indian tea were sold in London, and today, London's tea markets deal in tea from India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and Africa more than from China.

(From Reading for Adults)

1. Explain the following phrases from the text

1. decided that she suffered from a "sinking feeling" around 5 p.m and needed tea and cakes to bring back her strength.

2. When George III of England tried to make the American colonists pay import duty on tea

3. a group of Americans disguised

4. as Red Indians dumped

5. 342 chests of tea into the sea in Boston Harbour - the Boston Tea Party which led to the War of Independence.

2. Comprehension questions

1. Speak about the history of tea ceremony.

2. Who tried to make American colonists pay more import duty and why?

3. What did the Duke of Wellington say about tea?

4. Where do the English people drink tea?

Project work

1. Look through the MENU given bellow. Translate the names of the dishes. Make up a dialogue with your partner “In café” or “In restaurant” using this MENU.

2. Imagine that you are the owner of the restaurant and you need to design a MENU to promote your restaurant. Choose the name for your restaurant, main dishes and design style. Discuss your project in the group with students, try to prove that your project is the best one. While discussing other projects try to use the following phrases:

Don’t you think, I guess so, I wonder/ was wondering how to, What do you say, I think it might be a good idea to, Why don’t you try, We’ll see, Look, It’s necessary for you , I have an idea and others.

MENU

SOUPS

Normandy snail soup 5.00

with spinach

Beef consomme 5.00

with vegetable paysane and fresh herbs

Original Italian Minestrone 5.00

with pesto and white beans

SALADS

Scampi salad and melon 7.00

with spicy Cocktail sauce and walnut balsamico dressing

Caeser salad 5.00

with Romaine lettuce, garlic dressing, anchovies and grated

Parmesan cheese

* Tomato and Mozzarella salad 5.00

slices of Mozzarella and tomato with fresh basil, olive oil and small salad bouquet

* Mixed salad "Mimosa" 3.00

with Herbvinaigrette and hard boiled eggs

MENU

Ice-cream selection 3.00

served with fruit Assorted cheese plate

small 2.50

large 4.50

Cheeses of the day selection served with biscuits and olives

RUSSIAN FAVOURITES

SOUPS
Borsch 5.00

traditional Russian soup with beetroots, cabbage and

carrots garnished with smetana and lemon

Fish solyanka 6.00

traditional fish soup with olives, salted cucumbers, onion

garnished with smetana

MENU Sturgeon brochette with beetroot sauce and Pushkin potatotes DESSERTS St. Petersburg Sunset slice of marble cake with butter cream on orange sauce Joghurt creme with red currant jelly

13.00 4.00 3.00

Text 6

AN INVITATION TO TEA

Strictly speaking, tea is not a meal at all, but a suitable occasion for social intercourse, when people often come in for a chat over their cup of tea. There are two kinds of tea, "afternoon tea", and "high tea". "Afternoon tea" takes place between three-thirty and four-thirty and consists of tea, bread, butter and jam, followed by cakes and biscuits. "High tea", however, is a substantial meal and is eaten between five-thirty and six-thirty by families which do not usually have a late dinner. In a well-to-do family it will consist of ham or tongue and tomatoes and salad, or a kipper, or tinned salmon, with strong tea, bread and butter, followed by stewed fruit, or tinned pears, apricots or pineapple with cream or custard and cake.

Tea making in England is an art. The hostess first of all rinses the teapot with boiling water (this is called "warming the pot") before adding four or five teaspoonfuls of tea. The amount of tea varies, of course, according to the number of people present. The pot is then filled with boiling water and covered by a tea-cosy to allow the tea to infuse or draw for five minutes. English people seldom put lemon or rum in their tea.

1. Read the text carefully and make a scheme of tea preparing.

1. Read the text once again and make up a dialogue inviting your partner to the tea party using persuasion techniques.

Come on, don’t you think, after all, if you’ll do it …I’ll, it’s important for you, I’ll tell you what, I know you can do it, look and others.

Text 7

CANADIAN FOOD

Canadian gastronomy in English Canada was long based on the British "bland is beautiful" tradition, and while there are no distinctive national dishes or unique culinary delights, good food is certainly plentiful. In most cities it is not difficult to find decent Greek, Italian, East Indian or Chinese restaurants.

In Quebec, there are some dishes worth sampling: French pea soup, tourtieres (meat pies) and poutine (French fries covered with gravy and cheese curds).

In the Atlantic provinces the Acadian French make rapie pie (pate a la rapure) — a type of meat pie (meat, chicken or clam) topped with grated paste-like potato from which all of the starch: has been removed.

Quebec is also notable as the world's largest producer of maple syrup, produced from the boiled sap of sugar-maple trees. Canada produces some very good cheeses, Cheddars in particular. On both coasts, seafood is plentiful and delicious.

There are a range of laws and regulations governing the sale of alcoholic beverages: as a general rule they must be bought at government stores, which are usually closed at night and always on Sunday and holidays.

1. Comprehension questions

1. Tell about Canadian gastronomy in English Canada.

2. What Quebec's dishes do you know?

3. Which Canada's province is the world's largest producer of maple syrup?

4. How can one buy alcoholic beverages in Canada?

Text 8

AMERICAN FOOD

The popular view outside the U. S. that Americans survive on cheeseburgers, Cokes, and French fries is as accurate as the American popular view that the British live on tea and fish'n'chips, the Germans only on beer, bratwurst, and sauerkraut, and the French on red wine and garlic.

This view comes from the fact that much of what is advertised abroad as "American food" is a pretty flat, tasteless imita tion. American beef, for example, comes from specially grain-fed cattle, not from cows that are raised mainly for milk production. As a result, American beef is more tender and tasted better than what is usually offered as an "American steak" in Europe. When sold abroad, the simple baked potato that comes hot and whole in foil often lacks the most important element, the famous Idaho potato. This has a different texture and skin that comes from the climate and soil in Idaho.

Even something as basic as barbecue sauces shows differences from many of the types found on supermarket shelves overseas. A fine barbecue sauce from the Southside of Chicago has its own fire and soul. The Texans have a competition each year for the hottest barbecue sauce (the recipes are kept secret).

America has two strong advantages when it comes to food. The first is that as the leading agricultural nation, she has always been well supplied with fresh meats, fruits, and vegetables in great variety at relatively low prices. This is one reason why steak or beef roast is probably the most "typical" American food; it has always been more available. But good Southern-fried chicken also has its champions, as do hickory-smoked or sugar-cured hams, turkey, fresh lobster, and other seafood such as crabs or clams.

In a country with widely different climates and many fruit and vegetable growing regions, such items as fresh grapefruit, oranges, lemons, melons, cherries, peaches, or broccoli, iceberg lettuce, avocados, and cranberries do not have to be imported. This is one reason why fruit dishes and salads are so common. Family vegetable gardens have been very popular, both as a hobby and as a way to save money, from the days when most Americans were farmers. They also help to keep fresh food on the table.

The second advantage America has enjoyed is that immigrants have brought with them, and continue to bring, the tradi­tional foods of their countries and cultures. The variety of foods and styles is simply archaizing. Whether Armenian, Basque, Catalonian, Creole, Danish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, traditional Jewish, Latvian, Mexican, Vietnamese or what have you, these traditions are now also at home in the U. S.

There seem to be four trends in America at present which are connected with foods and dining. First, tfiere has been a notable increase in the number of reasonably priced restaurants which offer specialty foods. These include those that specialize in many varieties and types of pancakes, those that offer only fresh, baked breakfast foods, and the many that are buffets or salad bars. Secondly, growing numbers of Americans are more regularly going out to eat in restaurants. One reason is that they are not too expensive. Another reason, probably more important, is that many American women do not feel that their lives are best spent in the kitchen. They would rather pay a professional chef and also enjoy a good meal. At the same time, there is an increase in fine cooking as a hobby for both men and women. For some two decades now, these have been popular television series on all types and styles of cooking, and the increasing popularity can easily be seen in the number of bestselling specialty cookbooks and the numbers of stores that specialize in often exotic cooking devices and spices.

A third trend is that as a result of nationwide health campaigns, Americans in general are eating a much light diet. Cereals and grain foods, fruits and vegetables, fish and salads are emphasized instead of heavy and sweet foods. Finally, there is the international trend to "fast food" chains which sell pizza, hamburgers, Mexican foods, chicken, salads and sandwiches, seafoods, and various ice creams. While many Americans and many other people resent this trend and while, as many are expected, restaurants also dislike it, many young, middle-aged, and old people, both rich and poor, continue to buy and eat fast foods.

1. Check your comprehension. Find equivalents for the following in the tex.t

1. большая часть того, что рекламируется за границей

2. Техасцы ежегодно проводят соревнования

3. как ведущая сельскохозяйственная нация

4. жареный цыпленок, копченые гикори, ветчина, индейка, свежие омары, и другие дары моря типа крабов или моллюсков.

2. Read the text once again and summarize it into 4 or more paragraphs. Give the title to each paragraph, prove your choice.

3. Retell the text.

SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS FOR READING AND DISCUSSION

Text 9

IN SEARCH OF GOOD ENGLISH FOOD

How come it is so difficult to find English food in England? In Greece you eat Greek food, in France French food, in Italy Italian food, but in England, in any High Street in the land, it is easier to find Indian and Chinese restaurants than English ones. In London you can eat Thai, Portuguese, Turkish, Lebanese, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Swiss, Swedish, Spanish, and Italian - but where are the English restaurants?

It is not only in restaurants that foreign dishes are replacing traditional British food. In every supermarket, sales of pasta, pizza and poppadoms are booming. Why has this happened? What is wrong with the cooks of Britain that they prefer cooking pasta to potatoes? Why do the British choose to eat lasagne instead of shepherd s pie? Why do they now like cooking in wine and olive oil? But perhaps it is a good thing? After all it is the beginning of the 21^st century and we can get the ingredients from all over the world in just a few hours. Anyway, wasn’t English food always disgusting and tasteless? Wasn’t it always boiled to death and swimming in fat? The answer to these questions is a resounding “No”, but to understand this, we have to go back to before World War II.

The British have in fact always imported food from abroad. From the time of the Roman invasion foreign trade was a major influence on British cooking. English kitchens, like the English language, absorbed ingredients from all over the world - chickens, rabbits, apples, and tea. All of these and more were successfully incorporated into British dishes. Another important influence on British cooking was of course the weather. The good old British rain gives us rich soil and green grass, and means that we are able to produce some of the finest varieties of meat, fruit and vegetables, which don’t need fancy sauces or complicated recipes to disguise their taste.

However, World War II changed everything. Wartime women had to forget 600 years of British cooking, learn without foreign imports, and ration their use of home-grown food. The Ministry of Food published cheap, boring recipes. The joke of the war was a dish called Woolton Pie (named after the Minister for Food!). This consisted of a mixture of boiled vegetables covered in white sauce with mashed potato on the top. Britain never managed to recover from the wartime attitude to food. We were left with a lack of confidence in our cooking skills and after years of Ministry recipes we began to believe that British food was boring, and we searched the world for sophisticated, new dishes which gave hope of a better future. The British people became tourists at their own dinning tables and in the restaurants of their land! This is a tragedy! Surely food is as much a part of our culture as our landscape, our language, and our literature. Nowadays, cooking British food is like speaking a dead language. It is almost as bizarre as having a conversation in Anglo-Saxon English!

However, there is still one ray of hope. British pubs are often the best places to eat well and cheaply in Britain, and they also increasingly try to serve tasty British food. Can we recommend to you our two favourite places to eat in Britain? The Sherpherd s Inn in Melmerby, Cumbria, and the Dolphin Inn in Kingston, Devon. Their steak and mushroom pie, Lancashire hotpot, and bread and butter pudding are three of the gastronomic wonders of the world!

Comprehension check

1. Match each paragraph 1-5 with a summary below.

Historical and climatic influences on British cooking.

There s everything except an English restaurant.

The legacy of World War II.

Where there s hope for the future.

The British love affair with international cooking.

1. Choose the best answer.

1. The British cooking…

1. has always been very bad.

2. Was good until World War II.

3. Is good because it is so international.

1. They say that the British…

1. eat only traditional British food in their homes.

2. do not like cooking with foreign ingredients.

3. buy lots of foreign ingredients.

1. They say that the British weather…

a. enables the British to produce good quality food.

b. often ruins fruit and vegetables.

c. is not such an important influence on British food as foreign trade.

1. They say that World War II had a great influence on British cooking because…

a. traditional British cooking was rediscovered and some good cheap recipes were produced.

b. people had limitless supplies of home-grown food.

c. people started to believe that British food was boring, so after the war they wanted to cook more interesting and international dishes.

1. They say that…

a. British tourists try a lot of new dishes when they are abroad.

b. nowadays it is very unusual for British people to cook British food.

c. literature and language are more culturally important than food.

1. The conclusion about British cooking is that…

a. there is no hope.

b. you will only be able to get British food in expensive restaurants.

c. you will be able to get more good traditional British dishes, especially in pubs.

Discussion

1. Do you agree that food is as much a part of a country s culture as its landscape, literature and language?

2. Which are your favourite places to eat in your city and why?

3. Illustrate the following sayings:

a. After meat comes mustard.

b. Everything is good in its season.

c. An apple a day keeps a doctor away.

Text 10

GLOBAL PIZZA

So you thought the hamburger was the world's most popular fast food? After all, McDonald¹! Golden Arches span the globe. But no, there is another truly universal fast food, the ultimate fast food. It's easy to make, easy to serve, much more varied than the hamburger, can be eaten with the hands, and it's delivered to your front door or served in fancy restaurants. It's been one of America's favourite foods for over 50 years. It is, of course, the pizza.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF PIZZA

It's kind of silly to talk about the moment when pizza was 'invented'. It gradually evolved over the years, but one thing's for certain - it's been around for a very long time. The idea of using pieces of flat, round bread as plates came from the Greeks. They called them 'plakuntos' and ate them with various simple toppings such as oil, garlic, onions, and herbs. The Romans enjoyed eating something similar and called it 'picea'. By about 1000 A.D. in the city of Naples, 'picea¹ had become 'pizza¹ and people were experimenting with more toppings: cheese, ham, anchovies, and finally the tomato, brought to Italy from Mexico and Peru in the sixteenth century. Naples became the pizza capital of the world. In 1889, King Umberto I and Queen Margherita heard about pizza and asked to try it. They invited pizza maker, Raffaele Esposito, to make it for them. He decided to make the pizza like the Italian flag, so he used red tomatoes, white mozzarella cheese and green basil leaves. The Queen loved it and the new pizza was named 'Pizza Margherita' in her honour.

Pizza migrated to America with the Italians at the end of the nineteenth century. The first pizzeria in the United States was opened in 1905 at 53¹/2 Spring Street, New York City, by Gennaro Lombardi. But the popularity of pizza really exploded when American soldiers returned from Italy after World War II and raved about 'that great Italian dish¹. Americans are now the greatest producers and consumers of pizza in the world.

PIZZA TRIVIA

1. Americans eat 350 slices of pizza per second.

2. There are 61,269 pizzerias in the United States.

3. Pizza is a $30 billion per year industry.

4. October is national pizza month in the United States.

5. The world's first pizzeria, the Antica Pizzeria For’Alba, which opened in Naples in 1830, is still there.

6. Pizza Hut has over 12,000 restaurants and takeaway outlets in over 90 countries.

7. in America, pepperoni is the favourite topping. Anchovies is the least favourite.

8. In Japan, eel and squid are favourites. In Russia it's red herring, salmon, and onions.

9. In Brazil, they like green peas on their pizza. In Australia the favourites are shrimp and pineapple.

10. The French love bacon and creme fraiche on theirs. The English love tun and sweetcorn.

Comprehension check

1. Do you know any typical dishes from these countries? Discuss with the group.

Spain	Japan	Mexico
Italy	Hungary	the United States
Germany	China	England

Can you think of any foods that might be popular in all of the countries above?

2. Which of these are fish or seafood? Give the definition of these words using the English-English dictionary:

oil, garlic, anchovies, eel, squid, herring, salmon, peas, shrimp, pineapple, bacon, tuna, sweetcorn.

3. Work in groups. Read Pizza Trivia and ask your partner the following questions.

How many... ? How much ... ? Which month...? Where and when... ? Which toppings... ?

What do you think?

• Which facts in Pizza Trivia do you find most interesting? Why?

• Why do different countries prefer such different toppings?

• Do you like pizza? What are your favourite toppings?

• What are the most popular places to eat in your country? Why?

• What is your favourite place to eat?

Writing practice

Look through the following English proverbs and sayings connecting with food. Explain them, give English and Russian equivalents. Illustrate the saying with a story.

Proverbs and Sayings

1. An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

2. A hungry belly has no ears.

3. I am as hungry as a hunter.

4. Hunger is the best sauce.

5. Tastes differ.

6. Don't live to eat, but eat to live.

7. Appetite comes with eating.

8. Eat at pleasure, drink with measure.

9. Hunger breaks stone walls.

10. One man's meat is another man's poison.

11. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.

12. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

13. Who has never tasted bitter, knows not what is sweet.

14. You can't eat your cake and have it too.

Pairwork

Read and translate the following useful words and expressions. Make up a dialogue with your partner using these expressions as many as possible.

USEFUL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

-I am hungry.

-Are you hungry?

-No, I am not hungry.

-Is there a restaurant around here?

-Do you have a table for me/us?

-Where can I wash my hands?

-Would we have to wait long?

-We are in a hurry.

-I need ...another spoon, fork, plate, knife, a glass, an ashtray.

-I like spicy food.

-I am allergic to ...fish, mushrooms.

-I am on a diet.

-A green salad and afterwards some fruits, please.

-Can you prepare a salt-and-spice-free meal for me?

-I cannot make up my mind.

-There is so much on the menu.

-Can you recommend me something?

-This food is delicious.

-Do you like it?

-Yes, it's very good. I like it very much. -It's O.K. -I'm sorry. I can't eat it. I'm not used to it.

-Please, have some more. —No, thank you. I've had enough.

-Would you like something to eat? —No, thank you. I've already eaten. -Would you care for something to drink?

-May I have a glass of juice/milk /water?

-May I have a cup of coffee?

-How about a gin and tonic?

-No, thanks. I don't drink.

-Give me my coffee ...with cream, with milk.

-I want black coffee.

-Black coffee with ...rum, brandy please.

-Have you had breakfast yet? -Yes, I have.

-Have you had lunch yet? -No, I haven't.

-Have you had dinner yet?

-Would you like a cup of coffee? -Yes, thank you. -With or without sugar? -With sugar.

-I'd like a cup of hot tea.

-I'd like a ham sandwich and a glass of milk.

-I'll have two fried eggs and a toast.

-How would you like your eggs?-I would like them soft-boiled/ scrambled/fried.

-I would like a small Coke.

-I want a bowl of chicken soup.

-Would you like an appetizer?

-Do you want a salad?

-I want a hamburger. -I want a cheeseburger.

-Give me two scoops of ice cream.-I want vanilla/chocolate/strawberry.

-Would you like some dessert?

-Yes, I would like some rice pudding.

- Where do I pay? -Pay at the cashier.

Enjoy yourself

1. Read the dialogues, choose any you like, act it out with your partner.

Dialogue 1

Lunch for two

(Jane and Robert are out shopping. It's almost 2 o 'clock— high time to have lunch.)

Jane: It's nearly two o'clock and we haven't eaten anything since breakfast. Let's go and have lunch somewhere before we do any more shopping. There is no need for us to starve.

Robert: That's exactly how I feel. There is a small Italian place on the other side of the road. Shall we try that?

Jane: Yes, let's. (They enter the restaurant) Oh! it smells good in here It'll be lovely to sit down after our marathon this morning.

Robert: There is a table for two in the corner. Sit down, Jane. Have a look at the menu and tell me whether there is anything worth ordering.

Jane: There seem to be six different sauces to have with the spaghetti but they're all in Italian and I don't recognize any of them. Oh, here you are, there's a translation as well. You can have spaghetti with mushrooms and chicken, with minced beef, or with lobster sauce. Mmm, I'm going to try that.

Robert: Lobster sauce? That sounds horrible. It's a constant surprise to me what strange things people eat.

Jane: You'll stick to fish and chips, I suppose, and apple pie and custard?

Robert: No. Roast beef and Yorkshire pudding and baked potatoes.

Jane: It's incredible to think that after all the effort I've made you're still so conservative about your food.

Dialogue 2

Mr. Smith: Hello. Do you have a table for two, please?

Head waiter: Good evening, sir. Sure. Would you like to have a drink in the bar first and I'll bring you the menu.

Mr. Smith: What a good idea. What would you say, John?
John: I don't mind.

Head waiter: This way, gentlmen. Now, what would you like?
Mr. Smith: Scotch for me, I think. What about you, John?
John: I'll have the same.

Head waiter: So, two whiskies. Very good. Here is the menu. Mr. Smith: Now, let's see. What shall we have to start off with? The prawn

cocktail's very good or the melon is not bad at this time of year.
John: Yes, sir. I think I'll have the prawn cocktail.

Mr. Smith: OK. And what shall we have to follow?
John: You know what I'd like? Something typically American.

Mr. Smith: OK, then. How about the roast beef?

John: All right. I'll try that.

Mr. Smith: That's settled, then. We'll have prawn cocktails to begin with and roast beef to follow.

Head waiter: Very good. What vegetables would you like?
Mr. Smith: Oh, French fries and asparagus, I think. What about you, John
John: Is that what one usually eats with roast beef?

Mr. Smith: Yes.

John: I see. Well. I'll have asparagus but I don't think I'll bother with the potatoes. Got to think of my waistline, you know.

Head waiter: Very good, sir. Your table's ready when you are.

Mr. Smith: OK. We'll be along in a couple of minutes, and would you send the wine steward over?

Waiter: Any coffee, sir?

Mr. Smith: No, thanks, actually. We are in a bit of a hurry. Could we have the bill straight away, please?

Waiter: Sure. I’ll bring it immediately.

John: Look, Mr. Smith. Let me do this.

Mr. Smith: No, no. This one is on me. You can pay next time. Here you are, waiter.

John: that’s very kind...

WARM-UP ACTIVITIES

Answer the questions:

1. Is good food a very high priority with you?

2. Are you a heavy eater?

3. Is it useful to eat much?

4. Do you have any special eating habits?

5. Have you ever tasted any ethnic food?

6. Do you worry about how healthy your food is?

7. What is your favourite dish? Why?

READING

Read a newspaper article about unhealthy food.

Text 11

JUNK FOOD

In today's fast-moving world, people have less time to spend eating, let alone cooking. People are too busy to cook and eat proper meals, so they grab whatever is available — and that is usually junk food. It is probably for this reason :hat junk food has become so popular. What exactly is junk food?

Basically, it is anything that is high in calories but lacking in nutrition. Hamburgers, crisps, chocolate bars and hot dogs fall into this category. Pizzas, although they can have vegetable and cheese toppings, are also included as they contain a loti of fat. |

Obviously, a diet of junk food is not the best thing fort your health, particularly as it is high in saturated fat. In 1993, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute reported this type of fat to be associated with a greater risk of cancer.

Apart from the risk of cancer, another side effect of consuming highly fattening junk food is that you are likely to gain weight. This is less satisfying and lower in vital nutrients than healthier food. Researchers suggest that the new generation will be more likely to suffer from heart and liver disease.

The best advice, then, for those who cannot live without their hamburgers or chocolate bars, is to limit the amount of junk food they eat. A little now and then will probably do no harm. But why have our eating habits changed? It's lack of time and loss of tradition. Also, the style of life represented on TV, especially in music videos, is fast. Young people pick up the idea that speed means excitement, whereas anything traditional is slow and boring. As a result, they turn down traditional food and go for junk food instead.

But if we improve our eating habits, we will be better equipped to deal with our stressful lifestyle.

COMPREHENSION

1. Why has junk food become popular?

2. What is junk food exactly?

3. How does junk food affect our health?

4. What advice would you give to someone who cannot live without junk food?

5. What is the new generation more likely to suffer from according to the researchers?

6. How should we deal with our stressful lifestyles?

VOCABULARY

I. Fill in the correct word(s) from the list below. Use the words only once.

room, eating, gourmet, fast-moving, vast, balanced, to do, the pressures, chocolate, heart, high, junk, to keep, side, saturated.

a (an) .......... world

.......... bars

.......... the body fit

.......... in calories

.......... food

.......... habits

.......... disease

.......... of modern life

..........fat

.......... service

.......... no harm

a (an) .......... diet

......... dishes

the........ majority

………..effects

II. Fill in the correct preposition.

to be popular ... smb.

to be high ... calories

to be associated ... smb/smth

to suffer ... smth

to deal... smb/smth

to be lacking ... smth

the loss... smb/smth

III. Choose the correct item.

1. As he didn't want to cook. he decided to ... pizza in the

rertaurant.

a) ask for

b) demand

c) order

d) command

2. She had no time to go out for lunch so she ... a snack instead.

a) grabbed

b) snatched

c) took

d)bit

3. After the Christmas holidays, I am going on a ... because some of my favourite clothes don't fit me anymore.

a) diet

b) fast

c) nutrition

d) health

4. If you eat sensibly, you are not likely to ... •weight.

a) put

b) gain

c) ear

d) win

5. She ... a light meal of steamed chicken and salad as she wasn't very hungry.

a) asked

b) ordered

c) commanded

d) demanded

6. I don't know what all the fuss was about — it was just a(an) ... in a teacup.

a) flood

b)storm

c) earthquake

d) blaze

IV. Fill in the blanks using the following words:

overweight, limit, cancer, fit, to suffer from, lack of, healthy, junk food, to lose weight, nutrients, amount, tend to. consume, saturated fat.

1. .......... is high in .......... which is linked with a higher

risk of ......... .

2. Our eating habits have changed due to .......... time.

3. Recent research has shown that young" French people who prefer burgers and chips to rich gourmet dishes, ......... become......... .

4. Mediterranean people ......... a lot of olive oil, which is

considered to be very ......... .

5. Vegetables, grains and dairy products provide all the .......... necessary to build up and maintain a strong

......... body.

6. You should ......... the ......... of chocolate you eat if you

want .......... .

7. In the fast moving world, the vast majority of people ......... the side effects of stress.

Text 12

WHAT DO THE STARS EAT?

Film stars are everyone's favourite subject. People love to talk what they're wearing, who they're dating, and how much money they make. But have you ever wondered about what they eat?

Chefs and caterers on film sets have the answers. « Every actor has different eating habits,» says chef John Sharp. «Some stars love meat, while others are strict vegetarians who don't eat meat, eggs, or fish. Some stars love junk food, while others are constantly on a diet and eat only healthy food.

Ninety-nine per cent of the time, actresses are on a diet and insist on eating only low-fat foods. During the filming of «Now and Then», Demi Moore ate nothing but Basmati rice, steamed baby spinach, green beans with lemon, and turkey sandwiches on wholemeal bread. During the filming of o Twisters, Helen Hunt only ate low-calorie foods, including poached eggs, dry toasts, and steamed brown rice with vegetables.

Other stars love to eat junk food, and never count calories during their meals. Eddie Murphy's favourite food is Kentucky fried chicken. Whoopi Goldberg doesn't worry about how healthy her diet is, and loves fatty bacon sandwiches with lettuce, mayonnaise and lots of butter.

One thing for sure is that cooking for the stars is never easy, because they are often fussy eaters. eThey want food fixed exactly the way they like it and always have something to complain about,* says caterer Susan Tate. Bill Murray won't eat watermelon with seeds in it, and Mickey Rourke insists on freshly-squeezed carrot juice twice a day, but he won't drink it if it sits for more than six minutes.

Cooking for the stars is hard work, but few of these caterers ever think about changing jobs. «I love my work,» says Susan Tate. * Where else can I see what Michelle Pfeiffer eats for breakfast or what Al Pacino has for a snack?*

COMPREHENSION

Check yourself:

1. Most actresses don't eat

a) low-fat foods

b) sandwiches

c) fatty foods

d) steamed vegetables

2. Who likes junk food?

a) Eddie Murphy

b) Demi Moore

c) Susan Tate

d) Bill Murray

3. Cooking for the stars is ...

a) boring

b) difficult

c) easy

d) scary

4. Caterers on film sets should ...

a) be fussy eaters

b) prepare only healthy food

c) change their jobs often

d) fix food the way each star likes it.

TEST YOURSELF

Answer the following Yes/No questions concerning eating habits, then check your score to find out what kind of diet you have.

1. Do you eat at a fast-food restaurant more than once a week?

2. Do you often eat fresh fruit?

3. Do you eat meat more than twice a week?

4. Do you usually eat a large meal before you go to bed?

5. Do you have salted snacks (crisps, nuts, etc) at least once a day?

6. Do you have fresh vegetables with your meals less than

three times a week?

7. Do you drink fizzy drinks more than once a day?

8. Would you rather eat out instead of eating at home?

9. Do you have a lot of salt with your food?

10. Do you prefer butter to olive oil?

Score

8-10 Yes - very unhealthy diet - be careful!

5-7 Yes - fairly healthy diet

3-4 Yes - quite a healthy diet

1-2 Yes - very healthy diet

WRITING

Write an essay on one of the following topics:

Reasons for the popularity of junk food

Danger of eating junk food

Positive effects of eating healthy