Организация исследовательской и проектной деятельности в старшей школе.

Организация исследовательской и проектной деятельности в старшей школе

Обучение достигло своей цели, когда человек обладает желанием и волей образовывать самого себя и знает способы и средства, как любое исследование осуществить.

Н. Бердяев

Исследовательская работа и проект -эффективные средства повышения мотивации учащихся, уверенности в своих силах, развития их индивидуальных способностей.

А нужна ли вообще исследовательская деятельность в школе?

Сомнений нет- безусловно нужна !

Исследовательская и проектная работа на уроках и во внеклассной работе создает ситуацию успеха, расширяет познавательные способности, независимость мышления, способствует творческому поиску.

ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ:

Под исследовательской деятельностью понимается деятельность учащихся, связанная с поиском ответа на творческую, исследовательскую задачу с заранее неизвестным решением… Нет готовых эталонов знания, которые столь привычны для классной доски. Ведущей ценностью в исследовании является ценность процесса движения к истине .

Основная особенность исследования

• Основная особенность исследования в образовательном процессе - то, что оно является учебным. Это означает, что его главной целью является развитие личности, а не получение объективно нового результата, как в "большой" науке. В образовании цель исследовательской деятельности - в приобретении учащимся навыка исследования как способа освоения действительности, развитии, активизации личностной позиции учащегося.

Функции исследовательской и проектной деятельности в разных видах образования:

• в дошкольном образовании и начальной школе – сохранение исследовательского поведения учащихся как средства развития познавательного интереса и становления мотивации к учебной деятельности;
• в основной школе – развитие дидактического и методического обеспечения учебной деятельности средствами реализации исследовательских проектов как способа обновления содержания образования;
• в старшей школе – развитие исследовательской компетенции и предпрофессиональных навыков как основы профиля старшей школы;

Использование исследовательских методов, предусматривает определенную последовательность действий:

• определение проблемы и вытекающих из нее задач исследования (использование в ходе совместного исследования метода "мозговой атаки", "круглого стола");
• выдвижение гипотез их решения;
• обсуждение методов исследования (статистических методов, экспериментальных, наблюдений, пр.);

• обсуждение способов оформления конечных результатов (презентаций, защиты, творческих отчетов, просмотров, пр.).
• сбор, систематизация и анализ полученных данных;
• подведение итогов, оформление результатов, их презентация;
• выводы, выдвижение новых проблем исследования.

Примеры заданий

представить аргументы , защитить точку зрения , доказать , спрогнозировать

создать , придумать дизайн , разработать , составить план

проанализировать , проверить , провести эксперимент , организовать , сравнить , выявить различия

применить , проиллюстрировать, решить

описать , объяснить , определить признаки , сформулировать по-другому

составить список , выделить , рассказать , показать , назвать

Оценка

Синтез

Анализ

Использование

Понимание

Знание

Учитель-предметник — специалист в области педагогической технологии, который, является автором-разработчиком проекта или руководителем исследовательской или проектной деятельности, должен:

• уметь увидеть и отобрать наиболее интересные и практически значимые темы проектов;
• владеть всем арсеналом исследовательских, поисковых методов, уметь организовывать исследовательскую самостоятельную работу учащихся;
• переориентировать учебно-воспитательную работу учащихся по своему предмету на приоритет разнообразных видов самостоятельной деятельности учащихся, на приоритет индивидуальных, парных, групповых видов самостоятельной деятельности исследовательского, поискового, творческого плана;
• владеть искусством коммуникации (умение организовать и вести дискуссии, не навязывая свою точку зрения, направлять учащихся на поиск путей решения поставленных проблем, уметь устанавливать и поддерживать положительный эмоциональный настрой в группе);
• при проведении международных проектов — практически владеть языком партнера, знать о культуре, традициях, государственном и политическом устройстве страны, ее истории;
• владеть компьютерной грамотностью.

Реализация исследовательского метода на практике

Для осуществления самостоятельной индивидуальной активной образовательной деятельности нужно создать среду школьникам, а в целях закрепления тем и пройденного материала организовать исследовательскую или проектную работу.

Celtic Terms: 800B . C . - 400 A . D .

Celtic Terms: 800B . C . - 400 A . D .

Roman terms

Roman Terms: 50B.C. - 410 A.D.

Roman terms

Roman Terms: 50B.C. - 410 A.D.

Conclusion

Conclusion

Introduction

The origin of the name London.

Introduction

The origin of the name London.

Anglo-Saxon terms

Anglo-Saxon terms

Vocabulary

Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)

William Hogarth (1697-1764)

The Tate Gallery

John Constable (1776-1837)

William Turner ( 1775- 1851)

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

The origin of the word Britain

Origin of Place- Names in Great Britain.

Origin of Place- Names in Great Britain.

Introduction

Introduction

The origin of the word Britain

Minicap Educational Establishment Secondary school № 36 The origin of place- names in Great Britain and in Astrakhan region

Minicap Educational Establishment Secondary school № 36 The origin of place- names in Great Britain and in Astrakhan region

Conclusion

Conclusion

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

Viking Terms: 750A.D. - 1100A.D.

Conclusion

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

Conclusion

Viking Terms: 750A.D. - 1100A.D.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

The aims of my project work are:

Introduction

Saxon Terms: 350A.D. - 1000A.D.

What I did:

The origin of place names in our region

The origin of place names in our region

The origin of place names in our region

The nicknames of modern London.

The origin of place names in our region

Introduction

The origin of the word Albion

The origin of the word Thames

The origin of the word Thames

What I did:

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

The most useful parts of place- names of Celtic origin:

Saxon Terms: 350A.D. - 1000A.D.

The nicknames of modern London.

The aims of my project work are:

The origin of the word Albion

Do you know what toponymics is?

The most useful parts of place- names of Celtic origin:

Do you know what toponymics is?

British artists

• The main historic peculiarity of Astrakhan is its multinational character: the Russians, The Tatars, the Kazakhs, the Ukrainians, the Kalmyks, the Armenians, the Turkmen. For thousand years different tribes and folks changed each other. The Scythians, the Sarmats, the Huns, the Pechenegs, the Polovts, the Hazards, the Mongols lived in our region. The last big wave of migration was in the 16th century. The new lands were inhabited by the Russians, the Chuvashes, the Ukrainians, and the Mordovians. In the 17th century the Kalmyks came in our territory and in the 19th century the Kazakhs migrated here. So the geographical names are of different origin. The toponymics of Astrakhan region has many so called “white spots”.
• In the conclusion we may say that the origins of place- names as in Britain so in Astrakhan region were influenced not only by geographical peculiarities, but also by many tribes, folks and nations.

• The main historic peculiarity of Astrakhan is its multinational character: the Russians, The Tatars, the Kazakhs, the Ukrainians, the Kalmyks, the Armenians, the Turkmen. For thousand years different tribes and folks changed each other. The Scythians, the Sarmats, the Huns, the Pechenegs, the Polovts, the Hazards, the Mongols lived in our region. The last big wave of migration was in the 16th century. The new lands were inhabited by the Russians, the Chuvashes, the Ukrainians, and the Mordovians. In the 17th century the Kalmyks came in our territory and in the 19th century the Kazakhs migrated here. So the geographical names are of different origin. The toponymics of Astrakhan region has many so called “white spots”.
• In the conclusion we may say that the origins of place- names as in Britain so in Astrakhan region were influenced not only by geographical peculiarities, but also by many tribes, folks and nations.

Участие преподавателей в научно-исследовательской и проектной работе.

• The word street came from the Latin strata which meant “paved way”; port came from the Latin word portus that meant harbour, wall - from the Latin word vallum, mount – from the Latin word mons. The names of many ports, cities, castles have Roman origin. They were usually situated near the seaside and were well known by sailors and merchants: Southport, Portland, and Portsmouth.
• The Roman towns were strongly fortified and they were called castra which means “a camp”. This word can be recognized in various forms in such names as Chester, Winchester, Manchester, Leicester, Gloucester, Caster upon Walds, Doncaster, and Lancaster.

• The word street came from the Latin strata which meant “paved way”; port came from the Latin word portus that meant harbour, wall - from the Latin word vallum, mount – from the Latin word mons. The names of many ports, cities, castles have Roman origin. They were usually situated near the seaside and were well known by sailors and merchants: Southport, Portland, and Portsmouth.
• The Roman towns were strongly fortified and they were called castra which means “a camp”. This word can be recognized in various forms in such names as Chester, Winchester, Manchester, Leicester, Gloucester, Caster upon Walds, Doncaster, and Lancaster.

• Some words of Celtic origin can still be found in modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still known by their old Celtic names.
• The most ancient geographical name in Britain is Berelyon in Cornwall that was mentioned by Peteace from Massilia (about 308 B.C.).
• The county of Cent has the oldest name from all 46 English counties. It was firstly mentioned in the Latin form Cantium (in Celtic language canto means “seaside”) in the works by Peteace.
• There are several rivers called Avon which in Celtic means “a river”. Some rivers have the name of Derwent, which in Celtic means “clear water”. The chalk highlands in the southern and south eastern parts of England are called “the Downs”. This name comes from the Celtic world down which means “bare, open highland”.

• Firstly London was mentioned by Tacitus in 115 A.D.
• The modern name of the city – London- came from older Roman name Londinium. The scientists have some hypothesis, concerning the origin of this word. There are four popular suppositions:
• the word is of the Latin origin which is formed from the Roman personal name Londin that means furious « неистовый » or the name of a tribe londin i.e. “the city of londin”;
• the word is of the Latin origin which comes from the word Lond that means “a wild place”.
• the word is Celtic origin and it consists of two words: : Llyn- “a lake” and Dun- “ a fortification”: in Celtic period the city was called Llyndid.
• the word came from the ancient European word Plowonida that means “a overflowing river”.

• Firstly London was mentioned by Tacitus in 115 A.D.
• The modern name of the city – London- came from older Roman name Londinium. The scientists have some hypothesis, concerning the origin of this word. There are four popular suppositions:
• the word is of the Latin origin which is formed from the Roman personal name Londin that means furious « неистовый » or the name of a tribe londin i.e. “the city of londin”;
• the word is of the Latin origin which comes from the word Lond that means “a wild place”.
• the word is Celtic origin and it consists of two words: : Llyn- “a lake” and Dun- “ a fortification”: in Celtic period the city was called Llyndid.
• the word came from the ancient European word Plowonida that means “a overflowing river”.

• Some words of Celtic origin can still be found in modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still known by their old Celtic names.
• The most ancient geographical name in Britain is Berelyon in Cornwall that was mentioned by Peteace from Massilia (about 308 B.C.).
• The county of Cent has the oldest name from all 46 English counties. It was firstly mentioned in the Latin form Cantium (in Celtic language canto means “seaside”) in the works by Peteace.
• There are several rivers called Avon which in Celtic means “a river”. Some rivers have the name of Derwent, which in Celtic means “clear water”. The chalk highlands in the southern and south eastern parts of England are called “the Downs”. This name comes from the Celtic world down which means “bare, open highland”.

• It is impossible to imagine our maps without geographical names. Scientists are interested in the origin of geographical names very much. We don’t live in vacuum, but in a definite city, a town or a village among numerous geographical objects: rivers, lakes, mountains, and plains .

• It is impossible to imagine our maps without geographical names. Scientists are interested in the origin of geographical names very much. We don’t live in vacuum, but in a definite city, a town or a village among numerous geographical objects: rivers, lakes, mountains, and plains .

• The influence of many languages can be seen in Britain place- names. Nowadays there are a lot of language monuments of the early days of British history. Many tribes and folks came to Britain in different times. They came as adventures or conquerors or simply as people trying to find a place where they could be free.
• So we can see that people who now inhabit Britain are descended from many various early people such as pre-Celts, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and the Norseman, including the Danes. The toponymics of Britain describes all these migrations.

• The influence of many languages can be seen in Britain place- names. Nowadays there are a lot of language monuments of the early days of British history. Many tribes and folks came to Britain in different times. They came as adventures or conquerors or simply as people trying to find a place where they could be free.
• So we can see that people who now inhabit Britain are descended from many various early people such as pre-Celts, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and the Norseman, including the Danes. The toponymics of Britain describes all these migrations.

• The name Britain was firstly mentioned by Roman writers in I century B.C. as Britannia. There are some versions of its origin.
• The name Britannia possibly comes from Celtic root brith that means “painted”. This supposition is coordinated with the description of Briton’s traditions marked by Julius Caesar in his “Notices about Gall’s war”: “All Britons are painted with woad, their skin is getting blue and their appearance is getting awful.”
• The plant (лат. isatis tinctoria, англ . woad) is connected with the name of the country.
• Some scientists form this name from Indo-European root brit- “marshy land”.

• The name Britain was firstly mentioned by Roman writers in I century B.C. as Britannia. There are some versions of its origin.
• The name Britannia possibly comes from Celtic root brith that means “painted”. This supposition is coordinated with the description of Briton’s traditions marked by Julius Caesar in his “Notices about Gall’s war”: “All Britons are painted with woad, their skin is getting blue and their appearance is getting awful.”
• The plant (лат. isatis tinctoria, англ . woad) is connected with the name of the country.
• Some scientists form this name from Indo-European root brit- “marshy land”.

• The most useful parts of place names of Anglo-Saxon origin:
• Bourne: Stream, Burn: Stream, Burg: Large village, Croft: Small enclosure , Cot: Small hut , Delph: Ditch, dyke or stream, Den (n): Pig pasture, Eg; Ey; Ea; Eig : Island, Fall: Area cleared of trees, Fen: Fen, Field: Field, Ham: Village, Hurst : Clearing, Ing: People , Lake : Lake, Ley; Lea : Clearing, Mere : Pool, Moor : Moor, Moss: Swamp, Riding; Rod : Cleared land, Stead: place, Stoc : Summer pasture, Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement, Stow : Holy Place, Ton; Tun : House; Farm, Wic; Wike : Farm; Group of huts, Wood : Wood, Worth : Fenced land, Worthy : Enclosed land.

• The most useful parts of place names of Anglo-Saxon origin:
• Bourne: Stream, Burn: Stream, Burg: Large village, Croft: Small enclosure , Cot: Small hut , Delph: Ditch, dyke or stream, Den (n): Pig pasture, Eg; Ey; Ea; Eig : Island, Fall: Area cleared of trees, Fen: Fen, Field: Field, Ham: Village, Hurst : Clearing, Ing: People , Lake : Lake, Ley; Lea : Clearing, Mere : Pool, Moor : Moor, Moss: Swamp, Riding; Rod : Cleared land, Stead: place, Stoc : Summer pasture, Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement, Stow : Holy Place, Ton; Tun : House; Farm, Wic; Wike : Farm; Group of huts, Wood : Wood, Worth : Fenced land, Worthy : Enclosed land.

• The English language changed under the influence of the French language. The two languages gradually formed one rich English language which was being used both in speech and in writing in the 14th century.
• In the name of Shakespeare‘s birthplace, Stratford- on-Avon , we see four words from three different languages. At this place, a Roman road (in Latin “strata”) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word “avon” means “a river”). The English word “ford” means a place where we can cross a river. So the name Stratford – on- Avon means “the place where the road crosses the river”, and we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived there.

• The English language changed under the influence of the French language. The two languages gradually formed one rich English language which was being used both in speech and in writing in the 14th century.
• In the name of Shakespeare‘s birthplace, Stratford- on-Avon , we see four words from three different languages. At this place, a Roman road (in Latin “strata”) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word “avon” means “a river”). The English word “ford” means a place where we can cross a river. So the name Stratford – on- Avon means “the place where the road crosses the river”, and we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived there.

• Many Scandinavian words came into English. The Danes gave their own names to the towns they built. Many town names end in “by” or “toft”, that means Danish settlements. For example: Derby, Grimsby, Whitby, Lowestoft and others. There are also the places such as Thingwall (historically: the field of meeting, from ting-the Scandinavian legislative meeting).

• There are a lot of works by a famous English artist of the 17 century William Hogarth in the Tate Gallery.
• Hogarth was a founder of the national art school.
• In his pictures he reflected social life. Many of his pictures are full of satire. They showed the life very satirically.

• Many Scandinavian words came into English. The Danes gave their own names to the towns they built. Many town names end in “by” or “toft”, that means Danish settlements. For example: Derby, Grimsby, Whitby, Lowestoft and others. There are also the places such as Thingwall (historically: the field of meeting, from ting-the Scandinavian legislative meeting).

• Studying toponymics can give additional information about the interaction of nations and people in Great Britain.
• Place- names changed very much since the 5th till 20th centuries. In uncivilized society there was a big necessity in various different place-names, but these names were not written till 7th century at least. They were officially registered in Doomsday Book after the Norman Conquest but they were continued to distort by people till nowadays.

• He liked the place where he was born and spent his childhood.
• He was very talented. He painted beautiful woods, plains, hills.
• His landscapes are very true to life.
• He is said to be the first landscape painter in Britain.

• Studying toponymics can give additional information about the interaction of nations and people in Great Britain.
• Place- names changed very much since the 5th till 20th centuries. In uncivilized society there was a big necessity in various different place-names, but these names were not written till 7th century at least. They were officially registered in Doomsday Book after the Norman Conquest but they were continued to distort by people till nowadays.

• The most ancient name of Great Britain is Albion (about 500 B.C.).There are some versions concerning the name Albion. Some scientists form it from the Latin word albus- “white” and consider that it is connected with chalk precipices near Dover. But other explorers see in its root the Celtic word alb - “mountains”, relating the origin of this word to mountainous places in Cornwall or in Scotland.

• The main conclusion of the work is:
• The origin of place- names in Britain and in our region is like a mirror which reflects geography, history, culture of modern society .

• The main conclusion of the work is:
• The origin of place- names in Britain and in our region is like a mirror which reflects geography, history, culture of modern society .

• The most ancient name of Great Britain is Albion (about 500 B.C.).There are some versions concerning the name Albion. Some scientists form it from the Latin word albus- “white” and consider that it is connected with chalk precipices near Dover. But other explorers see in its root the Celtic word alb - “mountains”, relating the origin of this word to mountainous places in Cornwall or in Scotland.

• In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy with his army won the Anglo- Saxons near the town called Hastings. It was the beginning of the conquest. The Norman Conquest brought very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons and the country.
• Some geographical names are of French origin: the word “shire” means a county in England. The word “shire” can be found in some name of counties: Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and others.

• There are a lot of legends about the origin of Astrakhan villages, but in fact everything is rather simple.
• The name of the village Bashmakovka in the translation from Tatar bashmak means”a calf”. The river where calves were grazed was called Bashmakovka. The village were called Bashmakovka after this river.
• The name of the village Zastenki in the translation from Slavonic means “useless land”.
• The name of the village Razdor means the place where the river is divided into two hands.
• The name of the village Chagan in the translation from Turkish means “ a curve of the river”.
• The word chumak means a profession. The people who carried the salt in different places were called chumaks .

• He was a very lyrical painter who greatly connected a man and nature. A very strong psychologist, he painted mostly women on the background of a scenery.
• He liked blue colours very much. His portraits are optimistic, the light and shadow of colour are in full harmony with the lines.

• There are a lot of legends about the origin of Astrakhan villages, but in fact everything is rather simple.
• The name of the village Bashmakovka in the translation from Tatar bashmak means”a calf”. The river where calves were grazed was called Bashmakovka. The village were called Bashmakovka after this river.
• The name of the village Zastenki in the translation from Slavonic means “useless land”.
• The name of the village Razdor means the place where the river is divided into two hands.
• The name of the village Chagan in the translation from Turkish means “ a curve of the river”.
• The word chumak means a profession. The people who carried the salt in different places were called chumaks .

• In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy with his army won the Anglo- Saxons near the town called Hastings. It was the beginning of the conquest. The Norman Conquest brought very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons and the country.
• Some geographical names are of French origin: the word “shire” means a county in England. The word “shire” can be found in some name of counties: Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and others.

• In different times different nations lived in the territory of our country and in Great Britain. It is very difficult to find out the meaning of these geographical names. These names became the unique monuments to disappeared folks.
• Toponymics ( from Greek “topos”-a place, “onyma”- a name ) is a science that studies the origin of geographical names. It is connected with history, geography, linguistics.

The Roman Empire became the strongest state in Mediterranean. It was the last and greatest civilization of ancient world. The Romans ruled the civilized world and in the 1st century A.D. they conquered Britain. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. The language of Romans was Latin. Today there are many traces of the Roman rule in the country. Many words of Modern English have come from Latin. The Romans remained churches, roads, castles, towns.

As a result of economic development of the country there was the rise of new towns. Many towns sprang up near bridges, like Bristol which grew up near a bridge over the Avon. But there were very few bridges and people had to cross a river by a ford or by a ferry. Many English towns ended in “ford” ( брод) . For example, Oxford, a town which grew up near a big ford for oxen, driven for sale to the town. Such towns as Cambridge, Hereford, Bedford and many others grew up at places near big bridges or fords.

The Roman Empire became the strongest state in Mediterranean. It was the last and greatest civilization of ancient world. The Romans ruled the civilized world and in the 1st century A.D. they conquered Britain. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. The language of Romans was Latin. Today there are many traces of the Roman rule in the country. Many words of Modern English have come from Latin. The Romans remained churches, roads, castles, towns.

As a result of economic development of the country there was the rise of new towns. Many towns sprang up near bridges, like Bristol which grew up near a bridge over the Avon. But there were very few bridges and people had to cross a river by a ford or by a ferry. Many English towns ended in “ford” ( брод) . For example, Oxford, a town which grew up near a big ford for oxen, driven for sale to the town. Such towns as Cambridge, Hereford, Bedford and many others grew up at places near big bridges or fords.

• In different times different nations lived in the territory of our country and in Great Britain. It is very difficult to find out the meaning of these geographical names. These names became the unique monuments to disappeared folks.
• Toponymics ( from Greek “topos”-a place, “onyma”- a name ) is a science that studies the origin of geographical names. It is connected with history, geography, linguistics.

• From the middle of the 5th century Germanic tribes from the continent – the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes began to migrate to Britain. The Angles set to the north of Thames, the Saxons to the south of Thames and in Wessex and the Jutes set in Cent. The name of England was given after the Angles to the whole country. Firstly England was mentioned in form Angelcymn in Anglo-Saxon chronic (880 A.D.). This word came from Old English Engenaland- the country of Angles. The name of the tribe Angles came from Old Germanic word ang which meant “corn” (угол). This tribe inhabited in continental Europe, in the curve of isthmus near the Jutland Peninsula.

• From the middle of the 5th century Germanic tribes from the continent – the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes began to migrate to Britain. The Angles set to the north of Thames, the Saxons to the south of Thames and in Wessex and the Jutes set in Cent. The name of England was given after the Angles to the whole country. Firstly England was mentioned in form Angelcymn in Anglo-Saxon chronic (880 A.D.). This word came from Old English Engenaland- the country of Angles. The name of the tribe Angles came from Old Germanic word ang which meant “corn” (угол). This tribe inhabited in continental Europe, in the curve of isthmus near the Jutland Peninsula.

• Toponymics of our region is very interesting. Every nation left its own sign on the map of our region. Behind the geographical names there is history, language, traditions and customs of the nations inhabited our Astrakhan region.
• This is the place where the main river of Russia flows into mysterious Caspian Sea.
• The name of Caspian Sea was known in the 5th century B.C. The tribe caspi gave this name to the sea by the opinion of many scientists.
• The name of the mountain in the north of the region Bogdo in the translation from Kalmyk means “Saint mountain.”

• Toponymics of our region is very interesting. Every nation left its own sign on the map of our region. Behind the geographical names there is history, language, traditions and customs of the nations inhabited our Astrakhan region.
• This is the place where the main river of Russia flows into mysterious Caspian Sea.
• The name of Caspian Sea was known in the 5th century B.C. The tribe caspi gave this name to the sea by the opinion of many scientists.
• The name of the mountain in the north of the region Bogdo in the translation from Kalmyk means “Saint mountain.”

pictures artists

\ /

colour -- Art – gallery

/ \

talented portrait

• Landscape- ландшафт
• To reflect- отражать
• Plain- равнина
• Hill- холм
• Watercolour- акварель
• Shade- тень
• Light- свет
• Feature- черта

• There are many interesting places in London. If you like paintings you can go to the Tate Gallery.
• The founder of the gallery was Henry Tate, a businessman. He was rich and collected paintings.
• The gallery was founded in 1897.
• There are about 20,000 oils, water-colours and drawings there.

• Oil- картина, написанная маслом
• Founder- основатель
• Satire- сатира
• Psychologist- психолог
• Background- фон
• Scenery- пейзаж
• Characteristic- характерный
• Full- полный
• To connect-c вязывать

• He began as a watercolour master. Light and atmosphere were his characteristic features. Turner was a super colourist.
• Most of his paintings were connected with the sea theme.

• The Thames is the most important river in Britain. Julius Caesar mentioned it in form Tamesis and Tacitus mentioned it in form Tamesa.
• The name may come from the Celtic word “dark” or from the Indo-European root ta-“flow” (течь).

• The Thames is the most important river in Britain. Julius Caesar mentioned it in form Tamesis and Tacitus mentioned it in form Tamesa.
• The name may come from the Celtic word “dark” or from the Indo-European root ta-“flow” (течь).

• One of the oldest English proverb says : "By TRE, ROS, POL, CAER, and PEN / You know the most of Cornish men", so by the syllable tre, ros, pol, caer, pen you can recognize the men from Cornwall, inhabited by descendants of the Celts.

• I studied a lot of English and Russian sources such as books, Internet information, atlases.
• I systematized all these facts and materials.
• I looked for pictures and photos to illustrate my work.
• I found sayings and poems.
• I made a presentation of my project work.

• to improve my language;
• to prove that the topic about geographical names of Britain and Astrakhan region is interesting;
• to produce a pack of materials for English language lessons.

• To learn it we have used some methods of research such as comparative, linguistic and contextual analyses.

• Nowadays the English often call their city The Big Smog. It is connected with famous London smog. Another unofficial name of this city is “The Great Wen”. The word Wen means “overpopulated city”. In the sixtieth the city got a nickname “a swinging city”.

• To learn it we have used some methods of research such as comparative, linguistic and contextual analyses.

• The subject of the research is British and Astrakhan toponymics, the object is Lexicology , Sociology, History, Geography, learning out how historical events and nations can influence and change the names of geographical objects.

• The subject of the research is British and Astrakhan toponymics, the object is Lexicology , Sociology, History, Geography, learning out how historical events and nations can influence and change the names of geographical objects.

• One of the oldest English proverb says : "By TRE, ROS, POL, CAER, and PEN / You know the most of Cornish men", so by the syllable tre, ros, pol, caer, pen you can recognize the men from Cornwall, inhabited by descendants of the Celts.

• to improve my language;
• to prove that the topic about geographical names of Britain and Astrakhan region is interesting;
• to produce a pack of materials for English language lessons.

• I studied a lot of English and Russian sources such as books, Internet information, atlases.
• I systematized all these facts and materials.
• I looked for pictures and photos to illustrate my work.
• I found sayings and poems.
• I made a presentation of my project work.

• Nowadays the English often call their city The Big Smog. It is connected with famous London smog. Another unofficial name of this city is “The Great Wen”. The word Wen means “overpopulated city”. In the sixtieth the city got a nickname “a swinging city”.

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet

Shakespeare: “Romeo and Juliet”

Made by Tagirova Elsa

Class 10 ”B”

Supervisor : Smirnova N. V.

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet

Shakespeare: “Romeo and Juliet”

Made by Tagirova Elsa

Class 10 ”B”

Supervisor : Smirnova N. V.

Art is long, life is short.

Proverb

British artists

Art is long, life is short.

Proverb

Vocabulary

• Landscape- ландшафт
• To reflect- отражать
• Plain- равнина
• Hill- холм
• Watercolour- акварель
• Shade- тень
• Light- свет
• Feature- черта

• Oil- картина, написанная маслом
• Founder- основатель
• Satire- сатира
• Psychologist- психолог
• Background- фон
• Scenery- пейзаж
• Characteristic- характерный
• Full- полный
• To connect-c вязывать

pictures artists

\ /

colour -- Art – gallery

/ \

talented portrait

The Tate Gallery

• There are many interesting places in London. If you like paintings you can go to the Tate Gallery.
• The founder of the gallery was Henry Tate, a businessman. He was rich and collected paintings.
• The gallery was founded in 1897.
• There are about 20,000 oils, water-colours and drawings there.

William Hogarth (1697-1764)

• There are a lot of works by a famous English artist of the 17 century William Hogarth in the Tate Gallery.
• Hogarth was a founder of the national art school.
• In his pictures he reflected social life. Many of his pictures are full of satire. They showed the life very satirically.

Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)

• He was a very lyrical painter who greatly connected a man and nature. A very strong psychologist, he painted mostly women on the background of a scenery.
• He liked blue colours very much. His portraits are optimistic, the light and shadow of colour are in full harmony with the lines.

William Turner ( 1775- 1851)

• He began as a watercolour master. Light and atmosphere were his characteristic features. Turner was a super colourist.
• Most of his paintings were connected with the sea theme.

John Constable (1776-1837)

• He liked the place where he was born and spent his childhood.
• He was very talented. He painted beautiful woods, plains, hills.
• His landscapes are very true to life.
• He is said to be the first landscape painter in Britain.

Minicap Educational Establishment Secondary school № 36 The origin of place- names in Great Britain and in Astrakhan region

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet

Shakespeare: “Romeo and Juliet”

Made by Tagirova Elsa

Class 10 ”B”

Supervisor : Smirnova N. V.

Introduction

• It is impossible to imagine our maps without geographical names. Scientists are interested in the origin of geographical names very much. We don’t live in vacuum, but in a definite city, a town or a village among numerous geographical objects: rivers, lakes, mountains, and plains .

Introduction

• In different times different nations lived in the territory of our country and in Great Britain. It is very difficult to find out the meaning of these geographical names. These names became the unique monuments to disappeared folks.
• Toponymics ( from Greek “topos”-a place, “onyma”- a name ) is a science that studies the origin of geographical names. It is connected with history, geography, linguistics.

Introduction

• The subject of the research is British and Astrakhan toponymics, the object is Lexicology , Sociology, History, Geography, learning out how historical events and nations can influence and change the names of geographical objects.

• To learn it we have used some methods of research such as comparative, linguistic and contextual analyses.

The aims of my project work are:

• to improve my language;
• to prove that the topic about geographical names of Britain and Astrakhan region is interesting;
• to produce a pack of materials for English language lessons.

What I did:

• I studied a lot of English and Russian sources such as books, Internet information, atlases.
• I systematized all these facts and materials.
• I looked for pictures and photos to illustrate my work.
• I found sayings and poems.
• I made a presentation of my project work.

Origin of Place- Names in Great Britain.

• Studying toponymics can give additional information about the interaction of nations and people in Great Britain.
• Place- names changed very much since the 5th till 20th centuries. In uncivilized society there was a big necessity in various different place-names, but these names were not written till 7th century at least. They were officially registered in Doomsday Book after the Norman Conquest but they were continued to distort by people till nowadays.

Celtic Terms: 800B . C . - 400 A . D .

• Some words of Celtic origin can still be found in modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still known by their old Celtic names.
• The most ancient geographical name in Britain is Berelyon in Cornwall that was mentioned by Peteace from Massilia (about 308 B.C.).
• The county of Cent has the oldest name from all 46 English counties. It was firstly mentioned in the Latin form Cantium (in Celtic language canto means “seaside”) in the works by Peteace.
• There are several rivers called Avon which in Celtic means “a river”. Some rivers have the name of Derwent, which in Celtic means “clear water”. The chalk highlands in the southern and south eastern parts of England are called “the Downs”. This name comes from the Celtic world down which means “bare, open highland”.

The origin of the word Britain

• The name Britain was firstly mentioned by Roman writers in I century B.C. as Britannia. There are some versions of its origin.
• The name Britannia possibly comes from Celtic root brith that means “painted”. This supposition is coordinated with the description of Briton’s traditions marked by Julius Caesar in his “Notices about Gall’s war”: “All Britons are painted with woad, their skin is getting blue and their appearance is getting awful.”
• The plant (лат. isatis tinctoria, англ . woad) is connected with the name of the country.
• Some scientists form this name from Indo-European root brit- “marshy land”.

The origin of the word Thames

• The Thames is the most important river in Britain. Julius Caesar mentioned it in form Tamesis and Tacitus mentioned it in form Tamesa.
• The name may come from the Celtic word “dark” or from the Indo-European root ta-“flow” (течь).

The most useful parts of place- names of Celtic origin:

• One of the oldest English proverb says : "By TRE, ROS, POL, CAER, and PEN / You know the most of Cornish men", so by the syllable tre, ros, pol, caer, pen you can recognize the men from Cornwall, inhabited by descendants of the Celts.

Roman Terms: 50B.C. - 410 A.D.

The Roman Empire became the strongest state in Mediterranean. It was the last and greatest civilization of ancient world. The Romans ruled the civilized world and in the 1st century A.D. they conquered Britain. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. The language of Romans was Latin. Today there are many traces of the Roman rule in the country. Many words of Modern English have come from Latin. The Romans remained churches, roads, castles, towns.

Roman terms

• The word street came from the Latin strata which meant “paved way”; port came from the Latin word portus that meant harbour, wall - from the Latin word vallum, mount – from the Latin word mons. The names of many ports, cities, castles have Roman origin. They were usually situated near the seaside and were well known by sailors and merchants: Southport, Portland, and Portsmouth.
• The Roman towns were strongly fortified and they were called castra which means “a camp”. This word can be recognized in various forms in such names as Chester, Winchester, Manchester, Leicester, Gloucester, Caster upon Walds, Doncaster, and Lancaster.

The origin of the word Albion

• The most ancient name of Great Britain is Albion (about 500 B.C.).There are some versions concerning the name Albion. Some scientists form it from the Latin word albus- “white” and consider that it is connected with chalk precipices near Dover. But other explorers see in its root the Celtic word alb - “mountains”, relating the origin of this word to mountainous places in Cornwall or in Scotland.

The origin of the name London.

• Firstly London was mentioned by Tacitus in 115 A.D.
• The modern name of the city – London- came from older Roman name Londinium. The scientists have some hypothesis, concerning the origin of this word. There are four popular suppositions:
• the word is of the Latin origin which is formed from the Roman personal name Londin that means furious « неистовый » or the name of a tribe londin i.e. “the city of londin”;
• the word is of the Latin origin which comes from the word Lond that means “a wild place”.
• the word is Celtic origin and it consists of two words: : Llyn- “a lake” and Dun- “ a fortification”: in Celtic period the city was called Llyndid.
• the word came from the ancient European word Plowonida that means “a overflowing river”.

The nicknames of modern London.

• Nowadays the English often call their city The Big Smog. It is connected with famous London smog. Another unofficial name of this city is “The Great Wen”. The word Wen means “overpopulated city”. In the sixtieth the city got a nickname “a swinging city”.

Saxon Terms: 350A.D. - 1000A.D.

• From the middle of the 5th century Germanic tribes from the continent – the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes began to migrate to Britain. The Angles set to the north of Thames, the Saxons to the south of Thames and in Wessex and the Jutes set in Cent. The name of England was given after the Angles to the whole country. Firstly England was mentioned in form Angelcymn in Anglo-Saxon chronic (880 A.D.). This word came from Old English Engenaland- the country of Angles. The name of the tribe Angles came from Old Germanic word ang which meant “corn” (угол). This tribe inhabited in continental Europe, in the curve of isthmus near the Jutland Peninsula.

Anglo-Saxon terms

• The most useful parts of place names of Anglo-Saxon origin:
• Bourne: Stream, Burn: Stream, Burg: Large village, Croft: Small enclosure , Cot: Small hut , Delph: Ditch, dyke or stream, Den (n): Pig pasture, Eg; Ey; Ea; Eig : Island, Fall: Area cleared of trees, Fen: Fen, Field: Field, Ham: Village, Hurst : Clearing, Ing: People , Lake : Lake, Ley; Lea : Clearing, Mere : Pool, Moor : Moor, Moss: Swamp, Riding; Rod : Cleared land, Stead: place, Stoc : Summer pasture, Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement, Stow : Holy Place, Ton; Tun : House; Farm, Wic; Wike : Farm; Group of huts, Wood : Wood, Worth : Fenced land, Worthy : Enclosed land.

Viking Terms: 750A.D. - 1100A.D.

• Many Scandinavian words came into English. The Danes gave their own names to the towns they built. Many town names end in “by” or “toft”, that means Danish settlements. For example: Derby, Grimsby, Whitby, Lowestoft and others. There are also the places such as Thingwall (historically: the field of meeting, from ting-the Scandinavian legislative meeting).

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

• In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy with his army won the Anglo- Saxons near the town called Hastings. It was the beginning of the conquest. The Norman Conquest brought very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons and the country.
• Some geographical names are of French origin: the word “shire” means a county in England. The word “shire” can be found in some name of counties: Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and others.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

As a result of economic development of the country there was the rise of new towns. Many towns sprang up near bridges, like Bristol which grew up near a bridge over the Avon. But there were very few bridges and people had to cross a river by a ford or by a ferry. Many English towns ended in “ford” ( брод) . For example, Oxford, a town which grew up near a big ford for oxen, driven for sale to the town. Such towns as Cambridge, Hereford, Bedford and many others grew up at places near big bridges or fords.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

• The English language changed under the influence of the French language. The two languages gradually formed one rich English language which was being used both in speech and in writing in the 14th century.
• In the name of Shakespeare‘s birthplace, Stratford- on-Avon , we see four words from three different languages. At this place, a Roman road (in Latin “strata”) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word “avon” means “a river”). The English word “ford” means a place where we can cross a river. So the name Stratford – on- Avon means “the place where the road crosses the river”, and we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived there.

Conclusion

• The influence of many languages can be seen in Britain place- names. Nowadays there are a lot of language monuments of the early days of British history. Many tribes and folks came to Britain in different times. They came as adventures or conquerors or simply as people trying to find a place where they could be free.
• So we can see that people who now inhabit Britain are descended from many various early people such as pre-Celts, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and the Norseman, including the Danes. The toponymics of Britain describes all these migrations.

The origin of place names in our region

• Toponymics of our region is very interesting. Every nation left its own sign on the map of our region. Behind the geographical names there is history, language, traditions and customs of the nations inhabited our Astrakhan region.
• This is the place where the main river of Russia flows into mysterious Caspian Sea.
• The name of Caspian Sea was known in the 5th century B.C. The tribe caspi gave this name to the sea by the opinion of many scientists.
• The name of the mountain in the north of the region Bogdo in the translation from Kalmyk means “Saint mountain.”

The origin of place names in our region

• There are a lot of legends about the origin of Astrakhan villages, but in fact everything is rather simple.
• The name of the village Bashmakovka in the translation from Tatar bashmak means”a calf”. The river where calves were grazed was called Bashmakovka. The village were called Bashmakovka after this river.
• The name of the village Zastenki in the translation from Slavonic means “useless land”.
• The name of the village Razdor means the place where the river is divided into two hands.
• The name of the village Chagan in the translation from Turkish means “ a curve of the river”.
• The word chumak means a profession. The people who carried the salt in different places were called chumaks .

Conclusion

• The main historic peculiarity of Astrakhan is its multinational character: the Russians, The Tatars, the Kazakhs, the Ukrainians, the Kalmyks, the Armenians, the Turkmen. For thousand years different tribes and folks changed each other. The Scythians, the Sarmats, the Huns, the Pechenegs, the Polovts, the Hazards, the Mongols lived in our region. The last big wave of migration was in the 16th century. The new lands were inhabited by the Russians, the Chuvashes, the Ukrainians, and the Mordovians. In the 17th century the Kalmyks came in our territory and in the 19th century the Kazakhs migrated here. So the geographical names are of different origin. The toponymics of Astrakhan region has many so called “white spots”.
• In the conclusion we may say that the origins of place- names as in Britain so in Astrakhan region were influenced not only by geographical peculiarities, but also by many tribes, folks and nations.

Conclusion

• The main conclusion of the work is:
• The origin of place- names in Britain and in our region is like a mirror which reflects geography, history, culture of modern society .

Do you know what toponymics is?

The origin of the word Thames

• The Thames is the most important river in Britain. Julius Caesar mentioned it in form Tamesis and Tacitus mentioned it in form Tamesa.
• The name may come from the Celtic word “dark” or from the Indo-European root ta-“flow” (течь).

Minicap Educational Establishment Secondary school № 36 The origin of place- names in Great Britain and in Astrakhan region

What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet

Shakespeare: “Romeo and Juliet”

Made by Tagirova Elsa

Class 10 ”B”

Supervisor : Smirnova N. V.

Introduction

• It is impossible to imagine our maps without geographical names. Scientists are interested in the origin of geographical names very much. We don’t live in vacuum, but in a definite city, a town or a village among numerous geographical objects: rivers, lakes, mountains, and plains .

Introduction

• In different times different nations lived in the territory of our country and in Great Britain. It is very difficult to find out the meaning of these geographical names. These names became the unique monuments to disappeared folks.
• Toponymics ( from Greek “topos”-a place, “onyma”- a name ) is a science that studies the origin of geographical names. It is connected with history, geography, linguistics.

Introduction

• The subject of the research is British and Astrakhan toponymics, the object is Lexicology , Sociology, History, Geography, learning out how historical events and nations can influence and change the names of geographical objects.

• To learn it we have used some methods of research such as comparative, linguistic and contextual analyses.

The aims of my project work are:

• to improve my language;
• to prove that the topic about geographical names of Britain and Astrakhan region is interesting;
• to produce a pack of materials for English language lessons.

What I did:

• I studied a lot of English and Russian sources such as books, Internet information, atlases.
• I systematized all these facts and materials.
• I looked for pictures and photos to illustrate my work.
• I found sayings and poems.
• I made a presentation of my project work.

Origin of Place- Names in Great Britain.

• Studying toponymics can give additional information about the interaction of nations and people in Great Britain.
• Place- names changed very much since the 5th till 20th centuries. In uncivilized society there was a big necessity in various different place-names, but these names were not written till 7th century at least. They were officially registered in Doomsday Book after the Norman Conquest but they were continued to distort by people till nowadays.

Celtic Terms: 800B . C . - 400 A . D .

• Some words of Celtic origin can still be found in modern English and most of them are geographical names. Many rivers, hills and towns are still known by their old Celtic names.
• The most ancient geographical name in Britain is Berelyon in Cornwall that was mentioned by Peteace from Massilia (about 308 B.C.).
• The county of Cent has the oldest name from all 46 English counties. It was firstly mentioned in the Latin form Cantium (in Celtic language canto means “seaside”) in the works by Peteace.
• There are several rivers called Avon which in Celtic means “a river”. Some rivers have the name of Derwent, which in Celtic means “clear water”. The chalk highlands in the southern and south eastern parts of England are called “the Downs”. This name comes from the Celtic world down which means “bare, open highland”.

The origin of the word Britain

• The name Britain was firstly mentioned by Roman writers in I century B.C. as Britannia. There are some versions of its origin.
• The name Britannia possibly comes from Celtic root brith that means “painted”. This supposition is coordinated with the description of Briton’s traditions marked by Julius Caesar in his “Notices about Gall’s war”: “All Britons are painted with woad, their skin is getting blue and their appearance is getting awful.”
• The plant (лат. isatis tinctoria, англ . woad) is connected with the name of the country.
• Some scientists form this name from Indo-European root brit- “marshy land”.

The most useful parts of place- names of Celtic origin:

• One of the oldest English proverb says : "By TRE, ROS, POL, CAER, and PEN / You know the most of Cornish men", so by the syllable tre, ros, pol, caer, pen you can recognize the men from Cornwall, inhabited by descendants of the Celts.

Roman Terms: 50B.C. - 410 A.D.

The Roman Empire became the strongest state in Mediterranean. It was the last and greatest civilization of ancient world. The Romans ruled the civilized world and in the 1st century A.D. they conquered Britain. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for about four centuries. The language of Romans was Latin. Today there are many traces of the Roman rule in the country. Many words of Modern English have come from Latin. The Romans remained churches, roads, castles, towns.

Roman terms

• The word street came from the Latin strata which meant “paved way”; port came from the Latin word portus that meant harbour, wall - from the Latin word vallum, mount – from the Latin word mons. The names of many ports, cities, castles have Roman origin. They were usually situated near the seaside and were well known by sailors and merchants: Southport, Portland, and Portsmouth.
• The Roman towns were strongly fortified and they were called castra which means “a camp”. This word can be recognized in various forms in such names as Chester, Winchester, Manchester, Leicester, Gloucester, Caster upon Walds, Doncaster, and Lancaster.

The origin of the word Albion

• The most ancient name of Great Britain is Albion (about 500 B.C.).There are some versions concerning the name Albion. Some scientists form it from the Latin word albus- “white” and consider that it is connected with chalk precipices near Dover. But other explorers see in its root the Celtic word alb - “mountains”, relating the origin of this word to mountainous places in Cornwall or in Scotland.

The origin of the name London.

• Firstly London was mentioned by Tacitus in 115 A.D.
• The modern name of the city – London- came from older Roman name Londinium. The scientists have some hypothesis, concerning the origin of this word. There are four popular suppositions:
• the word is of the Latin origin which is formed from the Roman personal name Londin that means furious « неистовый » or the name of a tribe londin i.e. “the city of londin”;
• the word is of the Latin origin which comes from the word Lond that means “a wild place”.
• the word is Celtic origin and it consists of two words: : Llyn- “a lake” and Dun- “ a fortification”: in Celtic period the city was called Llyndid.
• the word came from the ancient European word Plowonida that means “a overflowing river”.

The nicknames of modern London.

• Nowadays the English often call their city The Big Smog. It is connected with famous London smog. Another unofficial name of this city is “The Great Wen”. The word Wen means “overpopulated city”. In the sixtieth the city got a nickname “a swinging city”.

Saxon Terms: 350A.D. - 1000A.D.

• From the middle of the 5th century Germanic tribes from the continent – the Saxons, the Angles and the Jutes began to migrate to Britain. The Angles set to the north of Thames, the Saxons to the south of Thames and in Wessex and the Jutes set in Cent. The name of England was given after the Angles to the whole country. Firstly England was mentioned in form Angelcymn in Anglo-Saxon chronic (880 A.D.). This word came from Old English Engenaland- the country of Angles. The name of the tribe Angles came from Old Germanic word ang which meant “corn” (угол). This tribe inhabited in continental Europe, in the curve of isthmus near the Jutland Peninsula.

Anglo-Saxon terms

• The most useful parts of place names of Anglo-Saxon origin:
• Bourne: Stream, Burn: Stream, Burg: Large village, Croft: Small enclosure , Cot: Small hut , Delph: Ditch, dyke or stream, Den (n): Pig pasture, Eg; Ey; Ea; Eig : Island, Fall: Area cleared of trees, Fen: Fen, Field: Field, Ham: Village, Hurst : Clearing, Ing: People , Lake : Lake, Ley; Lea : Clearing, Mere : Pool, Moor : Moor, Moss: Swamp, Riding; Rod : Cleared land, Stead: place, Stoc : Summer pasture, Stoke: 'Daughter' settlement, Stow : Holy Place, Ton; Tun : House; Farm, Wic; Wike : Farm; Group of huts, Wood : Wood, Worth : Fenced land, Worthy : Enclosed land.

Viking Terms: 750A.D. - 1100A.D.

• Many Scandinavian words came into English. The Danes gave their own names to the towns they built. Many town names end in “by” or “toft”, that means Danish settlements. For example: Derby, Grimsby, Whitby, Lowestoft and others. There are also the places such as Thingwall (historically: the field of meeting, from ting-the Scandinavian legislative meeting).

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

• In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy with his army won the Anglo- Saxons near the town called Hastings. It was the beginning of the conquest. The Norman Conquest brought very important changes in the life of the Anglo-Saxons and the country.
• Some geographical names are of French origin: the word “shire” means a county in England. The word “shire” can be found in some name of counties: Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and others.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

As a result of economic development of the country there was the rise of new towns. Many towns sprang up near bridges, like Bristol which grew up near a bridge over the Avon. But there were very few bridges and people had to cross a river by a ford or by a ferry. Many English towns ended in “ford” ( брод) . For example, Oxford, a town which grew up near a big ford for oxen, driven for sale to the town. Such towns as Cambridge, Hereford, Bedford and many others grew up at places near big bridges or fords.

Norman Terms: 1066- 1300 A.D.

• The English language changed under the influence of the French language. The two languages gradually formed one rich English language which was being used both in speech and in writing in the 14th century.
• In the name of Shakespeare‘s birthplace, Stratford- on-Avon , we see four words from three different languages. At this place, a Roman road (in Latin “strata”) crossed the Avon (in the Welsh language, the word “avon” means “a river”). The English word “ford” means a place where we can cross a river. So the name Stratford – on- Avon means “the place where the road crosses the river”, and we know that at different times, Roman, Welsh and English people lived there.

Conclusion

• The influence of many languages can be seen in Britain place- names. Nowadays there are a lot of language monuments of the early days of British history. Many tribes and folks came to Britain in different times. They came as adventures or conquerors or simply as people trying to find a place where they could be free.
• So we can see that people who now inhabit Britain are descended from many various early people such as pre-Celts, Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons and the Norseman, including the Danes. The toponymics of Britain describes all these migrations.

The origin of place names in our region

• Toponymics of our region is very interesting. Every nation left its own sign on the map of our region. Behind the geographical names there is history, language, traditions and customs of the nations inhabited our Astrakhan region.
• This is the place where the main river of Russia flows into mysterious Caspian Sea.
• The name of Caspian Sea was known in the 5th century B.C. The tribe caspi gave this name to the sea by the opinion of many scientists.
• The name of the mountain in the north of the region Bogdo in the translation from Kalmyk means “Saint mountain.”

The origin of place names in our region

• There are a lot of legends about the origin of Astrakhan villages, but in fact everything is rather simple.
• The name of the village Bashmakovka in the translation from Tatar bashmak means”a calf”. The river where calves were grazed was called Bashmakovka. The village were called Bashmakovka after this river.
• The name of the village Zastenki in the translation from Slavonic means “useless land”.
• The name of the village Razdor means the place where the river is divided into two hands.
• The name of the village Chagan in the translation from Turkish means “ a curve of the river”.
• The word chumak means a profession. The people who carried the salt in different places were called chumaks .

Conclusion

• The main historic peculiarity of Astrakhan is its multinational character: the Russians, The Tatars, the Kazakhs, the Ukrainians, the Kalmyks, the Armenians, the Turkmen. For thousand years different tribes and folks changed each other. The Scythians, the Sarmats, the Huns, the Pechenegs, the Polovts, the Hazards, the Mongols lived in our region. The last big wave of migration was in the 16th century. The new lands were inhabited by the Russians, the Chuvashes, the Ukrainians, and the Mordovians. In the 17th century the Kalmyks came in our territory and in the 19th century the Kazakhs migrated here. So the geographical names are of different origin. The toponymics of Astrakhan region has many so called “white spots”.
• In the conclusion we may say that the origins of place- names as in Britain so in Astrakhan region were influenced not only by geographical peculiarities, but also by many tribes, folks and nations.

Conclusion

• The main conclusion of the work is:
• The origin of place- names in Britain and in our region is like a mirror which reflects geography, history, culture of modern society .

Do you know what toponymics is?

Организация проектной деятельности

• Ученики выполняют проекты в различных формах: пишут статьи, рефераты, сочинения и сценарии, рисуют плакаты, придумывают рекламу, подбирают иллюстрации, изготавливают коллажи, буклеты, делают презентации.

The themes of compositions: “ My attitude to subcultures”, “ Ideal subculture as I understand it”.

Written by pupils of 10 “B”

School № 36

Teacher: N.V. Smirnova

Astrakhan -2009

Очевидно, что в ходе работы над проектами ребята приобретут опыт творческой, познавательной деятельности. И главнейший результат – те открытия в наших учениках, которые мы никогда бы не сделали на традиционных уроках.

Таким образом, метод проектов и исследовательская деятельность целиком могут стать той средой, когда «неудачники» находят силу и уверенность, той ситуацией успеха, которая станет точкой отсчёта для дальнейшего развития, движения вперед.