The fundamentals of English grammar
Sequence of Tenses
or
Tense Shift
Direct and Indirect Speech
Present
Past
Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в прошедшем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в одном из прошедших времен: происходит сдвиг времён – глагол делает «шаг назад» (one step back)
Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в настоящем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в том же времени, в котором он стоит в прямой речи.
Jane says: «I’m reading the Encyclopedia now.»
Jane says that she is reading the Encyclopedia now.
Jane said that she was reading the Encyclopedia then .
Tom tells me: «My sister lost her laptop yesterday.»
Tom tells me that his sister lost her laptop yesterday.»
Tom told me that his sister had lost her laptop the day before .»
Rita thinks: «it will rain tomorrow.»
Rita thinks that it will rain tomorrow.
Rita thought that it would rain the next day .
Tense Shift
Statements
Времена группы Present
Past Simple
Present Simple
V 2/ed
V/V s
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
is/am/are + V ing
was/were + V ing
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
had + V 3/ed
have/has + V 3/ed
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
had + been V ing
have/has+ been V ing
Tense Shift
Statements
Времена группы Past
Past Perfect
Past Simple
had + V 3/ed
V 2/ed
Past Continuous
Past Continuous
was/were + V ing
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
had + V 3/ed
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
had + been V ing
Tense Shift
Statements
will
would
Времена группы Future
Future Simple in the Past
Future Simple
will + V
would + V
Future Continuous
Future Continuous in the Past
will + be Ving
would + be Ving
Future Perfect in the Past
Future Perfect
will + have V 3/ed
would + have V 3/ed
Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
Future Perfect Continuous
will + have been V ing
would + have been V ing
Modal Verbs
can – could
may – might
must – had to
have/has to – had to
should = should
ought to = ought to
Dan noted: «I can speak different foreign languages.»
Dan noted that he could speak different foreign languages.
Mary said: «I may buy a new phone tomorrow.»
Mary said that she might buy a new phone the next day.
Terry said: «I must consult my doctor next week.»
Terry said that he had to consult his doctor the following week.
Remember:
say
tell
add
note
notice
remark
explain
complain
reply
remind
think
Наречия и местоимения, изменяющиеся в косвенной речи в том случае, если глагол в основной части стоит в прошедшем времени.
now – then
yesterday – the day before
tomorrow – the next day
last year – the year before
next year – the following day
(a week) ago – (a week) before
this – that
today – that day
tonight – that night
these – those
here – there
Кроме «say» и «tell» существует и другие глаголы, позволяющие передавать косвенную речь и разнообразить вашу речь.
But
Правила согласования времён не соблюдаются, если:
1) в придаточном предложении речь идёт об общеизвестных истинах и фактах
Our teacher explained to us that the Earth moves round the Sun .
Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees C .
2) при передачи последовательности событий
He said that he was born in Washington in 1995 and soon his family moved to New York .
3) говорящий передает что-либо сразу после высказывания.
“ The view is breathtaking ,” he said.
He said that the view is breathtaking .
4) в придаточной части сложного предложения, имеющего союзы when и since
Mike said: «I haven’t met Susan since we went to the party.»
Mike said that he hadn’t met Susan since they went to the party.
He remarked: «She was crying when I came in.»
He remarked that she was crying when he came in.
5) В косвенной речи передаются придаточные условия 2 и 3 типа (желания или нереальные условия в прошлом).
He said he wished he was a film star.
“ I wish I was a film star,” he said.
Questions
При передачи вопросов в косвенную речь соблюдается прямой порядок слов.
General questions
появляется частичка if (ли) для связи главной и придаточной частей предложения
Ann said: « Does your sister often attend a sports club? »
Ann asked if my sister often attended a sports club.
Mike wondered if I had gone clubbing the day before.
Mike said: « Did you go clubbing yesterday? »
Lisa wanted to know if I would prepare for the project the next day.
Lisa said: « Will you prepare for the project tomorrow? »
Wh-questions
связкой между главной и придаточной частями предложения служит вопросительное слово, с которого и задавался вопрос в прямой речи
Tom said: « What are you doing now? »
Tom wondered what I was doing then.
Kate said: « How did you spend this weekend? »
Kate asked how I had spent that weekend.
Mary wanted to know what country I would choose to travel the following summer.
Mary said: « What country will you choose to travel next summer? »
Commands and requests
Для передачи в косвенную речь предложений в повелительном наклонении придаточное предложение не используется – используется дополнение (связывается частичкой to + инфинитив)
The doctor advised me to give up drinking fizzy water.
The doctor said : « Give up drinking fizzy water. »
Mother told her daughter: « Don’t speak so loudly. »
Mother asked her daughter not to speak so loudly.
A man said to the waiter: « Could you bring me some salad? »
A man ordered the waiter to bring him some salad.
ask, advise, tell,
warn, order,
remind, allow,
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