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Презентация по грамматике

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В данной презентации представлен грамматический материал на тему :"Tense Shift".

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«Презентация по грамматике»

The fundamentals of English grammar  Sequence of Tenses or Tense Shift

The fundamentals of English grammar

Sequence of Tenses

or

Tense Shift

Direct and Indirect Speech Present Past Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в прошедшем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в одном из прошедших времен: происходит сдвиг времён – глагол делает «шаг назад» (one step back) Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в настоящем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в том же времени, в котором он стоит в прямой речи. Jane says: «I’m reading the Encyclopedia now.» Jane says that she is reading the Encyclopedia now. Jane said that she was reading the Encyclopedia then . Tom tells me: «My sister lost her laptop yesterday.» Tom tells me that his sister lost her laptop yesterday.» Tom told me that his sister had lost her laptop the day before .» Rita thinks: «it will rain tomorrow.» Rita thinks that it will rain tomorrow. Rita thought that it would rain  the next day .

Direct and Indirect Speech

Present

Past

Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в прошедшем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в одном из прошедших времен: происходит сдвиг времён – глагол делает «шаг назад» (one step back)

Если в косвенной речи в главном предложении глагол стоит в настоящем времени, в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в том же времени, в котором он стоит в прямой речи.

Jane says: «I’m reading the Encyclopedia now.»

Jane says that she is reading the Encyclopedia now.

Jane said that she was reading the Encyclopedia then .

Tom tells me: «My sister lost her laptop yesterday.»

Tom tells me that his sister lost her laptop yesterday.»

Tom told me that his sister had lost her laptop the day before .»

Rita thinks: «it will rain tomorrow.»

Rita thinks that it will rain tomorrow.

Rita thought that it would rain the next day .

Tense Shift Statements Времена группы Present Past Simple Present Simple V 2/ed V/V s Present Continuous Past Continuous is/am/are + V ing was/were + V ing Past Perfect Present Perfect had + V 3/ed have/has + V 3/ed Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous had + been V ing have/has+ been V ing

Tense Shift

Statements

Времена группы Present

Past Simple

Present Simple

V 2/ed

V/V s

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

is/am/are + V ing

was/were + V ing

Past Perfect

Present Perfect

had + V 3/ed

have/has + V 3/ed

Past Perfect Continuous

Present Perfect Continuous

had + been V ing

have/has+ been V ing

Tense Shift Statements Времена группы Past Past Perfect Past Simple had + V 3/ed V 2/ed Past Continuous Past Continuous was/were + V ing Past Perfect Past Perfect had + V 3/ed Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous had + been V ing

Tense Shift

Statements

Времена группы Past

Past Perfect

Past Simple

had + V 3/ed

V 2/ed

Past Continuous

Past Continuous

was/were + V ing

Past Perfect

Past Perfect

had + V 3/ed

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

had + been V ing

Tense Shift Statements will would Времена группы Future Future Simple in the Past Future Simple will + V would + V Future Continuous Future Continuous in the Past will + be Ving would + be Ving Future Perfect in the Past Future Perfect will + have V 3/ed would + have V 3/ed Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Future Perfect Continuous will + have been V ing would + have been V ing

Tense Shift

Statements

will

would

Времена группы Future

Future Simple in the Past

Future Simple

will + V

would + V

Future Continuous

Future Continuous in the Past

will + be Ving

would + be Ving

Future Perfect in the Past

Future Perfect

will + have V 3/ed

would + have V 3/ed

Future Perfect Continuous in the Past

Future Perfect Continuous

will + have been V ing

would + have been V ing

Modal Verbs can – could may – might must – had to have/has to – had to should = should ought to = ought to Dan noted: «I can speak different foreign languages.» Dan noted that he could speak different foreign languages. Mary said: «I may buy a new phone tomorrow.» Mary said that she might buy a new phone the next day. Terry said: «I must consult my doctor next week.» Terry said that he had to consult his doctor the following week.

Modal Verbs

can – could

may – might

must – had to

have/has to – had to

should = should

ought to = ought to

Dan noted: «I can speak different foreign languages.»

Dan noted that he could speak different foreign languages.

Mary said: «I may buy a new phone tomorrow.»

Mary said that she might buy a new phone the next day.

Terry said: «I must consult my doctor next week.»

Terry said that he had to consult his doctor the following week.

Remember: say tell add note notice remark explain complain reply remind think Наречия и местоимения, изменяющиеся в косвенной речи в том случае, если глагол в основной части стоит в прошедшем времени. now – then yesterday – the day before tomorrow – the next day last year – the year before next year – the following day (a week) ago – (a week) before this – that today – that day tonight – that night these – those here – there Кроме «say» и «tell» существует и другие глаголы, позволяющие передавать косвенную речь и разнообразить вашу речь.

Remember:

say

tell

add

note

notice

remark

explain

complain

reply

remind

think

Наречия и местоимения, изменяющиеся в косвенной речи в том случае, если глагол в основной части стоит в прошедшем времени.

now – then

yesterday – the day before

tomorrow – the next day

last year – the year before

next year – the following day

(a week) ago – (a week) before

this – that

today – that day

tonight – that night

these – those

here – there

Кроме «say» и «tell» существует и другие глаголы, позволяющие передавать косвенную речь и разнообразить вашу речь.

But Правила согласования времён не соблюдаются, если: 1) в придаточном предложении речь идёт об общеизвестных истинах и фактах Our teacher explained to us that the Earth moves round the Sun . Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees C . 2) при передачи последовательности событий He said that he was born in Washington in 1995 and soon his family moved to New York . 3) говорящий передает что-либо сразу после высказывания. “ The view is breathtaking ,” he said. He said that the view is breathtaking .

But

Правила согласования времён не соблюдаются, если:

1) в придаточном предложении речь идёт об общеизвестных истинах и фактах

Our teacher explained to us that the Earth moves round the Sun .

Our teacher told us that water boils at 100 degrees C .

2) при передачи последовательности событий

He said that he was born in Washington in 1995 and soon his family moved to New York .

3) говорящий передает что-либо сразу после высказывания.

“ The view is breathtaking ,” he said.

He said that the view is breathtaking .

4) в придаточной части сложного предложения, имеющего союзы when и since Mike said: «I haven’t met Susan since we went to the party.» Mike said that he hadn’t met Susan since they went to the party. He remarked: «She was crying when I came in.» He remarked that she was crying when he came in. 5) В косвенной речи передаются придаточные условия 2 и 3 типа (желания или нереальные условия в прошлом). He said he wished he was a film star. “ I wish I was a film star,” he said.

4) в придаточной части сложного предложения, имеющего союзы when и since

Mike said: «I haven’t met Susan since we went to the party.»

Mike said that he hadn’t met Susan since they went to the party.

He remarked: «She was crying when I came in.»

He remarked that she was crying when he came in.

5) В косвенной речи передаются придаточные условия 2 и 3 типа (желания или нереальные условия в прошлом).

He said he wished he was a film star.

I wish I was a film star,” he said.

Questions При передачи вопросов в косвенную речь соблюдается прямой порядок слов. General questions появляется частичка if (ли) для связи главной и придаточной частей предложения Ann said: « Does your sister often attend a sports club? » Ann asked if  my sister often attended a sports club. Mike wondered if  I had gone clubbing the day before. Mike said: « Did you go clubbing yesterday? » Lisa wanted to know if I would prepare for the project the next day. Lisa said: « Will you prepare for the project tomorrow? » Wh-questions связкой между главной и придаточной частями предложения служит вопросительное слово, с которого и задавался вопрос в прямой речи Tom said: « What are you doing now? » Tom wondered what I was doing then. Kate said: « How did you spend this weekend? » Kate asked how  I had spent that weekend. Mary wanted to know what country  I would choose to travel the following summer. Mary said: « What country will you choose to travel next summer? »

Questions

При передачи вопросов в косвенную речь соблюдается прямой порядок слов.

General questions

появляется частичка if (ли) для связи главной и придаточной частей предложения

Ann said: « Does your sister often attend a sports club? »

Ann asked if my sister often attended a sports club.

Mike wondered if I had gone clubbing the day before.

Mike said: « Did you go clubbing yesterday? »

Lisa wanted to know if I would prepare for the project the next day.

Lisa said: « Will you prepare for the project tomorrow? »

Wh-questions

связкой между главной и придаточной частями предложения служит вопросительное слово, с которого и задавался вопрос в прямой речи

Tom said: « What are you doing now? »

Tom wondered what I was doing then.

Kate said: « How did you spend this weekend? »

Kate asked how I had spent that weekend.

Mary wanted to know what country I would choose to travel the following summer.

Mary said: « What country will you choose to travel next summer? »

Commands and requests Для передачи в косвенную речь предложений в повелительном наклонении придаточное предложение не используется – используется дополнение (связывается частичкой to + инфинитив) The doctor advised me to give up drinking fizzy water. The doctor said : « Give up drinking fizzy water. » Mother told her daughter: « Don’t speak so loudly. » Mother asked her daughter not to speak so loudly. A man said to the waiter: « Could you bring me some salad? » A man ordered the waiter to bring him some salad. ask, advise, tell, warn, order, remind, allow, recommend

Commands and requests

Для передачи в косвенную речь предложений в повелительном наклонении придаточное предложение не используется – используется дополнение (связывается частичкой to + инфинитив)

The doctor advised me to give up drinking fizzy water.

The doctor said : « Give up drinking fizzy water. »

Mother told her daughter: « Don’t speak so loudly. »

Mother asked her daughter not to speak so loudly.

A man said to the waiter: « Could you bring me some salad? »

A man ordered the waiter to bring him some salad.

ask, advise, tell,

warn, order,

remind, allow,

recommend


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