Прямая и косвенная речь 9 класс

Direct and reported speech

Direct and reported speech

• Прямая речь – это речь переданная дословно, без изменений. Перед прямой речью или после нее стоит предложение, вводящее в прямую речь:
• Tom tells Ben, “I want to have lunch”

• Косвенная речь – это способ передачи чужой речи. Она представляет собой придаточное предложение, которому предшествует главное или следует за ним:
• Tom tells Ben that he wants to have lunch.

В прямой речи время глагола не зависит от времени в водной части, так как полностью сохраняется форма высказывания чужой речи:

• Не said, "I don't know ."
• Не says, "I don't know ."
• Не will say, "I don't know ."

При переводе прямой речи в косвенную соблюдаются следующие правила:

1. Запятая, отделяющая слова, вводящие прямую речь, опускается. Кавычки не употребляются.

2. Все личные и притяжательные местоимения изменяются по смыслу. Tom said, “ I am learning French.” Tom said (that) he was learning French.

3. При переводе из прямой речи в косвенную необходимо обращать внимание на грамматическое время глагола в главном предложении . ( He says…/ He said… ) а) Если глагол вводной части находится в форме настоящего времени или указывает на действие в будущем , то грамматическое время глагола в косвенной речи не меняется :

• Не says, "I don't know ." → Не says he doesn't know .
• Не will say, "I don't know ." → Не will say he doesn't know .
• Не says, "I didn't know ." → Не says he didn't know .
• Не will say, "I didn't know ." → Не will say he didn't know .

б) Если глагол вводной части находится в форме прошедшего времени , то глагол в придаточном предложении косвенной речи употребляется обязательно в одном из прошедших времён . При этом соблюдается правило согласования времён :

• Не said, "I know ." → Не said he knew .
• Не said, "I must know ." → Не said he had to know .
• Не said, "I will know ." → Не said he would know .
• Не said, "I knew ." → Не said he had known .

Sequence of Tenses

Direct speech

Reported speech

Present Simple

I don’t like watching TV.

Past Simple

Present Continuous

He said (that) he didn’t like watching TV.

I am watching TV.

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

I have seen this show.

He said (that) he was watching TV.

He said (that) he had seen that show.

I have been watching TV for 2 hours.

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

He said (that) he had been watching TV for 2 hours.

I saw this show yesterday .

Past Perfect

He said (that) he had seen that show the day before .

The show started in 2000 .

He said (that) show started in 2000 .

Direct speech

Reported speech

Past Continuous

Yesterday at 5p.m. I was watching my favourite show.

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

He said (that) he had been watching his favourite show at 5 p.m . the day before .

I had watched 2 of my favourite TV shows by 4 p.m.

Past Perfect

Future Simple

To be going to

He said (that) he had watched 2 of his favourite TV shows by 4 p.m.

Future – in – the – Past

I will watch this show tomorrow .

He said (that) he would watch that show the next day .

I am going to watch TV tonight .

To be going to

He said (that) he was going to watch TV that night .

Direct speech

Reported speech

The assistant said, “I can check it for you.”

The assistant said that he could check it for me.

“ I couldn't stand on my head,” he said.

He said he couldn't stand on his head.

She said to me, “I may come, too.”

He said, “I could do it tomorrow”

(present ability) He said he would be able to do it the next day. (future ability)

She told me that she might come too.

He said, “Guests might come.”

She boasted that she had been able to read when she was three. (past ability)

He said that guests might come.

“ I have to buy new shoes”, I told my brother.

“ I could read when I was three!” she boasted.

I told my brother that I had to buy new shoes.

Direct speech

Reported speech

Somebody said, “I will be there at this time.”

Somebody said that he would be there at that time.

He said to me, “You ought to wait for him”.

Tanya wondered what they should/could give her as a gift.

Tanya said, ‘What shall we give her as a gift?’

He said to me that I ought to wait for him.

“ You need an operation”, the doctor told me.

The doctor told me that I needed an operation.

The teacher said to him, “You must be more attentive.”

They said “It must be hard to understand the algebra”

The teacher told him he must be more attentive. (advice)

He said, “I must be in the office at 6 o’clock every morning.”

They said that it must be hard to understand the algebra. (speculation)

Ben said, “I must call my friend at three o’clock.”

He said that he had to be in the office at 6 o’clock every morning. (obligation)

Ben said he was to call his friend at three o’clock. (agreement)

Change the direct speech into reported speech.

Example: “I work hard,” Jillian said.

— Jillian said that he worked hard.

• “ I am planning to go to Kenya,” Sally said.

• “ I take my little sister to school every day,” little Anthony said.

• “ You may take my textbook,” Nonna said.

• “ They are playing in the gym now,” Nick said.

• “ I don’t like chocolate,” Mary said.

• “ My sister is ready to go” Helen said.

• “ My mother usually goes shopping on Saturday,” the girl said.

• “ The birds build their nests among the trees,” the teacher said.

• “ I am not married,” Jimmy said.

• “ I can't read these books. I don’t like them,” Petra said.

Change the direct speech into reported speech.

Example: I have already finished the test.

— He said he had already finished the test.

• We have gone on holiday.
• “ I’ll phone you later”, Sarah said.
• Nelly can’t write; she has cut her finger.
• “ I will have lunch on Saturday”, he said.
• Sam has already learnt the poem.
• Emma said, “I sent a letter to my American friend last night.”
• My sister has broken my pencil.
• Andrew said, “I didn’t get on with my French teacher.”
• Jill has never slept in a tent.
• Tom said, “I will do it after my arrival.”

Чтобы пра­виль­но пе­ре­дать чью-то речь, необ­хо­ди­мо ис­поль­зо­вать гла­гол со­об­ще­ния с пра­виль­ным зна­че­ни­ем. Самые рас­про­стра­нен­ные гла­го­лы со­об­ще­ния – say и tell (сказать – рассказать).

Say

Tell

we say something

She said that she was tired.

BUT we tell someone  something

we sometimes use say to  someone

She told him that she was tired.

She said (to him) that she was tired.

Put said \ told in the sentence.

• She ________ me (that) she loved John.
• They ________ (that) they were happy.
• He ________ everybody (that) he had to leave.
• Anne ________ me (that) her brother was buying a car.
• Alice ________ to Mike (that) he was wearing a nice suit.
• She ________ (that) it was raining.
• Lisa ________ me (that) she would call at 2p.m.
• She ________ (that) she was angry.
• Tom ________ to his friend (that) he had been to Rome.
• He _________ her (that) he didn’t like History.

ВАЖНО:

• если сообщение в прямой речи передается в тот же день и в том же месте , то замена наречий и места может не происходить . I’ll watch this programme tomorrow. I said I would watch this programme tomorrow.
• с вводным глаголом to say могут употребляться другие глаголы и конструкции: to think, to answer, to reply, to complain, to add, to know, to promise,to hope, to suggest, to decide;
• to be interested (surprised/glad/happy/sorry….) - для выражения отношения к тому, что передается в косвенной речи;
• после вводных глаголов to tell, to advise, to inform, to remind, to warn, to convince, to teach + object (имя или личное местоимение в объектном падеже me, you, him, her, us, you, them ) VERB + OBJECT + THAT clause We told them that everyone would watch this show.

• после to say, to think, to agree, to mention, to notice, to promise , союз that можно не использовать ( verb + (that) clause) They noticed ( that ) he was smiling.
• после to answer, to continue, to reply, to shout, to complain, to warn, to argue обязательно используется that ( verb + that clause) He answered that he wanted to go to the theatre.
• после to advise, to demand, to suggest следует использовать should после that Those people advised me that I should see a doctor.
• если косвенная речь состоит из нескольких предложений и все описываемые в них действия относятся к прошлому, то возможно только в первом предложении использовать глагол в Past Perfect : He said that he had seen that film when he was a child.

• Past Simple в придаточных предложениях не меняется , когда стоит после временных союзов, например: when, as, while, before, after, since и т. д. She said, “I have been watching a movie  since  I  came .” She said (that) she had been watching a movie  since  she  came .
• При передаче последовательных событий, где указывается конкретная дата , прошедшее время глаголов не меняется . He said that he was born in Kaluga in 1980 and soon the family moved to Moscow. She said she graduated from University in 2015 .
• При преобразовании предложений с сослагательным наклонением в косвенную речь форма глагола обычно остается неизменной . She should be discharged if she were seen going out with her student. He said that she should be discharged if she were seen going out with her student.
• если речь идет о фактах или то, о чем говорится, является действительным на момент разговора, то в косвенной речи глагол-сказуемое может не менять свою форму: There are around 10,000 commercial radio stations in the USA. They said that there are around 10,000 commercial radio stations in the USA.

Глаголы косвенной речи

• Add - добавить
• Deny - отрицать
• Insist - настаивать
• Remember – помнить, припоминать
• Suggest – предлагать, советовать
• Repeat - повторять
• Doubt - сомневаться
• Mention - упоминать
• Reply - отвечать
• Warn - предупреждать
• Agree - соглашаться
• Estimate - оценивать

• Report – сообщать, докладывать
• Announce – объявлять
• Explain - объяснять
• Persuade – убеждать, уговаривать
• Confirm- утверждать
• Propose – предлагать
• Understand - понимать
• Argue - спорить
• Consider – считать, полагать
• Reveal – выявлять, показывать
• Complain – жаловаться
• Offer – предлагать

Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, используя глаголы из таблицы как глаголы сообщения.

told refused offered promised agreed

• She said: “I won’t give you any money.”
• He said: “I will the washing up.”
• We said to them: “We were happy to see you.”
• I said: “Will you have a cup of coffee?”
• He said: “I’ll bring this book to you tomorrow.”

Reported questions

Общие вопросы

• Общие вопросы в косвенной речи присоединяются к главному предложению при помощи союзов if или whether . Порядок слов вопросительного предложения меняется на порядок слов повествовательного предложения . She asked, “ Do you have any plans for the weekend?” She asked if I had any plans for the weekend. They asked, “ Will you visit us tomorrow?” They asked whether we would visit them the next day.
• При переводе в косвенную речь ответов на общие вопросы слова yes и no опускаются . She asked, “ Do you want another cup of tea?” I said, “ No , I don't .” She asked if I wanted another cup of tea. I answered that I didn't .

Специальные вопросы

• Специальные вопросы начинаются с вопросительных слов what, when, how, why, where, which . При переводе специальных вопросов в косвенную речь порядок слов тот же, что и в повествовательном предложении , а вопросительное слово служит для присоединения придаточного предложения к главному, не используя вспомогательные глаголы do/does, did . She asked, “ What time does the train arrive ?” She asked what time the train arrived . He asked, “ When did you come ?” He asked when I had come . I asked him, “ How old are you?” I asked him how old he was . She asks, “ Where will you go ?” She asks where we will go .

Повелительное наклонение.

• Если предложения в прямой речи являются повелительными , то в косвенную речь в английском языке эти предложения переводятся при помощи глагола в инфинитиве . Mom said, “ Go home!” Mom said to go home.
• Если предложение отрицательное , то перед инфинитивом ставится отрицательная частица not . She said to me, “ Don’t touch my clothes. She asked me not to touch her clothes.
• Если прямая речь выражает приказ , то глагол to say заменяется на глаголы to tell, to order . The officer said , “Don’t move!” The officer ordered not to move. He said , “Listen to what I am saying!” He told me to listen to what he was saying.

• Если же прямая речь выражает просьбу , то глагол to say заменяется глаголом to ask . Mother said , “Be careful!” Mother asked to be careful.
• При преобразовании предложений в косвенную речь мы используем глагол to offer и to suggest . The man said to her, “Shall I bring you a glass of water?” The man offered to bring her a glass of water. She said to him, “What about going there together?” She suggested that they should go there together.
• Советы преобразуются в косвенную речь с помощью глагола to advise . Bella said to him, “You’d better take a cab, or you may be late for the meeting.” Bella advised him to take a cab, as otherwise he might be late for the meeting.

• Передать извинения в английском языке можно с помощью глагола to apologize и выражения to beg one’s pardon . She said to the teacher, “I’m sorry for being late.” She apologized to the teacher for being late. Mary said to him, “Beg your pardon, I’ve left your encyclopedia at home." Mary begged his pardon for having left his encyclopedia at home.
• Передать благодарность вы можете с помощью глагола to thank и выражения to express your gratitude . Tom said to them, “Thank you for helping me out!” Tom thanked them for helping him out. Elon said to me, “Thank you for coming!” Elon expressed his gratitude to me for coming.