Phraseologism (from the Greek. Phrasis - “expression”, logos - “teaching”) is a stable expression with an independent meaning close to idiomatic. Otherwise, they can be called phraseological turns. In terms of semantic volume, they are equal to the word, and in structure - to a phrase or sentence. Phraseologisms have a set of characteristic features:
- are reproduced from memory as integral and mostly constant in composition;
- have a single meaning;
- in the sentence are one member, due to the similarity in grammatical relevance of any part of speech;
- may have one or more values.
The general meaning (meaning) of phraseologism is not directly dependent on the meanings of the component words included in it. That is why phraseological units are extremely rarely translated literally into other languages - they must be replaced by phraseological units that are relevant in meaning and stylistic coloring, which exist in the language into which the translation is made.
so, phraseology to buy a pigin a poke, which is of English origin, means: 1) "to buy something without looking or not knowing the true value (the equivalent in Russian:" buy a pig in a poke ")"; 2) “to make an obligation or make a decision, not knowing the consequences arising from it”.
The expression dates back to the Middle Ages, when pigs were bought at fairs. As a rule, piglets were kept there in bags so that it was convenient for customers to carry the purchase home. Some dishonest merchants could quietly substitute a pig for a large cat, the size of which roughly corresponds to the size of a milk pig, but is not a source of meat valuable in terms of nutrition and taste. The calculation was that the buyer would not open the bag until he arrived home.
So, a pig in a bag bought by a gullible or inattentive buyer might not be a pig at all. Deception was revealed only when a cat jumped out of an opened bag. Hence the other English expression to let the cat out of the bag (releasing the cat from the bag), meaning "reveal the truth, talk, talk, give out a secret, give yourself away." Poke (pocca, pohha) is an Old English version of the word pocket (pocket, pouch). The word "poke" is still used in some countries, especially in Scotland and the USA. The medieval admonition to the buyer is known: “Don’t buy a pig in a poke” (“do not buy a piglet until you see it”), enshrined in British commercial law as the 'caveatemptor' position (from Latin: “let the buyer be vigilant”) .
The instruction to the respectable merchant, “When ye proffer the pigge open the poke”, regarding trading activities on the market, was written in writing back in the “Richard Hill's Commonplace Book” (collection of wisdom expressed in proverbs and sayings), relating to 1530. The proverb has its analogues in many European languages, as it probably had the simple method of trading fraud described above, which was the source of this expression.
Some researchers believe that the expression was borrowed from the French language acheterchatenpoche (buy a cat in a poke) using tracing (copying), but the British showed little independence and replaced the cat with a pig, “the result” to “desired”. We cannot say with certainty that the idiom buy a pig in a poke is a tracing-paper, and not an independent parallel formation.
o live in clover / to be in clover - live in luxury, happily ever after, prosper. The equivalent in Russian is "ride like cheese in butter."
Clover has a great symbolic meaning. Druids, the ancient inhabitants of Ireland, considered him the best defense against evil and witchcraft. Shamrock (shamrock) - a three-plate leaf of white clover - is a symbol of Ireland, its legendary image is closely connected with the baptism of this country by St. Patrick, who explained to the Gentiles the concept of the Unity of the Holy Trinity through the unity of a clover leaf, consisting of three leaves. The origin of the English idiom "to be (live) inclover", which means a carefree life in comfort and prosperity, is associated with the fact that livestock that graze in clover meadows quickly gain weight and feel great.
Phraseologism you're pulling my leg! And the expression to pull someone’s leg means not to pull someone’s leg, as one might think, but to “play a joke on someone, fool your head, cheat, but harmlessly cheat.”
The origin of the expression dates back to the 18th century, when the streets of London and other big cities looked like rivers of mud. At that unfortunate time, a “joke” was popular among the British, when with a stick with a hook on the end they “substituted a leg” for some unpleasant person, and he fell face down into the mud.
In English, there are a number of phraseological units that have switched to the Russian language and look in it exactly the same as in English, and these phraseological units either have an English origin or were first noticed in English sources. For example, Better late than never. The Russian counterpart is “Better late than never.” Phraseologism was first used by the English poet Jeffrey Chaucer in a work from the series "The Canterbury Tales" ("TheYeoman'sPrologueandTale") in about 1386:
Cat got your tongue?
Literally:
Did the cat swallow your tongue?
Interpretation:
So they say to a person (usually to the offender), who does not know what to answer. The Russian counterpart is the expression "what did you swallow?"
Origin History:
There are two versions of the origin of this phraseology. According to the first, he appeared due to the use of a lash called the “cat” (Cat-o’-nine-tails) for punishing the guilty in the Royal Navy. The guilty were so whipped by her that after the punishment they could not utter a word for a long time. According to the second version, this idiom could come from Ancient Egypt, where liars were cut off their tongues, which they then threw to cats for eating Usage example:
- Why don’t you answer me? Cat got your tongue?
Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater
Literally:
Do not throw your baby out of the bathtub.
Interpretation:
It happens that when we do the cleaning, we accidentally throw out some important rubbish along with different rubbish, and so, this idiom just means “don't accidentally throw away valuable things with different rubbish”.
Origin History:
Surely, many already know that in the Middle Ages people did not very well take care of their own hygiene: they bought it once a year, and that's enough. But that is not all! Not only did people wash only once a year, but they also washed in the same water without changing it! The elderly got the right to wash first, then men bathed in the same water, women followed them, and only after that did they bathe their children. It is not difficult to guess that when the turn came to the child, the water was already covered with a layer of all muck. Poor mothers who bathed babies in such a vodka had to make a lot of efforts to prevent their babies from being accidentally drained from the bathtub along with water. Usage example:
- Honey, I’m going to clean your room and throw all your junk out, including your stupid magazines.
- Hey! Don’t throw the baby out with the bathwater!
Break the ice
Literally:
Breaking ice
Interpretation:
Surely, you know what this idiom means, based on the fact that in Russian it sounds exactly the same. Its significance can be interpreted as: to eliminate misunderstanding, tension in relations with someone, to take the first step to establishing relations after the conflict.
Origin History:
Before, when road transport had not yet been developed, ships were the only way to transport goods over long distances. In the winter, they constantly got stuck on the road, because in places the water was covered with ice crust. To solve this problem, small ships departed from the recipient country, breaking ice, so that the ship with the goods could sail without hindrance to its destination. This gesture demonstrated the establishment of good relations and mutual understanding between the two territories. Usage example:
- Maybe, it's’s worth congratulating her on her Birthday for breaking the ice.
Why do we use phraseologisms in our speech?
Often, simple words are not enough for a more accurate speech effect. Using phraseological units, we more accurately express our attitude to what is happening, and speech becomes more vivid, imaginative and emotionally saturated.
WHAT IS PHRASEOLOGISM AND WHAT DOES THEY NEED FOR? PHRASEOLOGY. USE OF PHRASEOLOGIES IN SPEECH
Phraseologisms, stable small indivisible phrases, and winged expressions are often used in everyday speech. Thanks to these apt, vivid sayings, she becomes more lively and emotional. Included in the words most often completely do not correspond to their lexical meaning and are used not in the literal but in the figurative sense, however, everyone perfectly understands what is at stake
Why phraseologisms are needed
Sometimes, in order to achieve the desired speech effect, it is difficult to choose clear and figurative words. Phraseologisms help to more accurately and emotionally convey irony, mockery, bitterness, love - all human feelings. They provide an opportunity to more clearly express their thoughts and convey them to the interlocutor.
Often using phraseologisms in everyday speech, we don’t even notice it, don’t think about how to make a sentence with phraseology - we simply pronounce it automatically, because winged expressions are familiar and familiar to everyone since childhood. Many of them came to us from legends and fairy tales, from other languages and eras.
Is it easy to make a sentence with phraseologism? Simply steamed turnip, if you know their main signs.
Phraseology (from the Greek phrasis, ‘expression’ and logos ‘teaching’) is the phraseological composition of the language (that is, the totality of all phraseological units), as well as the section of linguistics that studies it. Although phraseological units consist of several words, they are similar to a word in meaning (the entire phraseological unit as a whole, and not the words making up its meaning) and use in speech (phraseological unit is one sentence), therefore they are studied in a lexicology course.
The meaning of a free phrase is made up of the meanings of its constituent words, which can be interchanged or replaced by similar ones: A log floats along a river (swim - ‘move along the surface of the water or in water’, flow ‘water flow, direction of such flow’). The meaning of phraseologism does not consist of the meanings of the words that make it up; the components of phraseology cannot usually be interchanged, replaced by others: He is used to go with the flow all the time and is not able to make independent decisions (to go with the flow - ‘act as circumstances force’). The whole phraseological unit as a whole is of importance. Phraseologism is equivalent to a word not only in meaning, but also in syntactic role: it is always one member of a sentence (A real sea wolf never gets confused - a subject; He always comes out of a predicate dry; He did it in no time - a circumstance).
The question of phraseology as a linguistic discipline was first posed by the outstanding Soviet linguist, Professor E.D. Polivanov. E.D. Polivanov repeatedly raised this question and argued that vocabulary studies the individual lexical meanings of words, morphology - the formal meanings of words, syntax - the formal meanings of phrases. “And now there is a need for a special department that would be commensurate with the syntax, but at the same time not referring to general types, but to individual meanings of these individual phrases, just as vocabulary deals with individual (lexical) meanings of individual words.
Phraseologisms, or phrases, are stable combinations of words characterized by unity, indistinguishability of meaning and integrity of reproduction in speech. For instance:
lead by nose - to pull the wool over smb.'s eyes, to lead smb. up the garden path;
to live at the world’s end - live at the ends of the world, live near the devil on the puddings.
The formation of phraseological units is based on semantic simplification, that is, limiting the meanings of words that have become components of phraseological units. In phraseologism, the words that form it receive a single phraseological meaning: beat the bacilli - idle, face-to-face - in private, sharpen the baldness - idle talk, headlong - swiftly, etc. Obviously, the meaning of phraseologism is not divided into parts corresponding to the elements of its external form, nor does it follow from the addition of the meanings of individual words.
Phraseologism in the semantic and functional plan is equivalent to a significant word, that is, like a word, expresses a concept, denotes an object or phenomenon, participates in the construction of a statement. The mismatch between the formal articulation of the phraseological unit and the cohesion of the meaning expressed by it leads to the stability of the phrase forming the phraseological unit. The main difference between phraseological units from the usual phrase is that in. in a free combination of words, the words that compose it have each of their own meaning: beat and utensils, sharpen knives, break a branch, etc. They can be disconnected, as well as connected at the choice of the speaker with many other words of the language: beat with a sledgehammer, a boy, with glasses, fists, stones, fish, a bell, an enemy, deaf, etc. In a free phrase, its general meaning is, as it were, made up of the meanings of the individual words included in it, that is, there is a correspondence between the separability of form and content.
However, between phraseological units and free collocations there are many units of an intermediate type, the belonging of which either to phraseological units or free collocations causes discussions among scientists. In modern linguistics, the question of the object of phraseology and the criteria for identifying phraseological units in a language has not been completely resolved, so there are two approaches to the interpretation of phraseology - wide and narrow. With a broad approach to phraseology, its composition includes all superword, renewable finished language units that have a constant, context-independent meaning: aphorisms, proverbs and sayings, and winged expressions, and compound terminological names.
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