Задание для 205 группы на 08.04.

Задание для 205 группы на 08.04.

METALS. STEEL.

Задание 1:

Прочитайте и Подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам :

Importance, industry, construction, consist, pure, combine, alloy, iron, copper, lead, cheap, produce, metallurgical, useful, property, strong, separate hardness, plasticity, combination, impurity.

русские эквиваленты

Железо, производить, промышленность, чистый, полезный, важность, пластичность, дешевый, медь, конструкция, свойство, сплав, состоять, свинец, твердость, соединять, примесь, сильный, металлургический, соединение, разделять.

Задание2:

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

engineering construction

pure chemical elements

combined with some other elements

properties of alloys

useful properties

in different ways

two thirds of all elements

one point five two

Задание 3:

Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

METALS AND THEIR USE

It is known that metals are very important in our life. Metals have the greatest importance for industry. All machines and other engineering construction have metal parts; some of them consist only of metal parts.

There are large groups of metals:

1) Simple metals- more or less pure chemical elements.

2) Alloys are materials consisting of a simple metal combined with other elements.

About two thirds of all elements found in the earth are metal, but not all metals may be used in industry. Those metals, which are used in industry, are called engineering metals. The most important engineering metal is iron (Fe) which, in the form of alloys with carbon (C) and other elements, finds greater use than any other metal. Metal consisting of iron combined with some other elements are known as ferrous metal; all the other metals are called nonferrous metals. The most important nonferrous metals are copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn), but all these metals are used much less, than ferrous metals, because the ferrous metals are much cheaper.

Engineering metals are used in industry in the form of alloys because the properties of alloys are much better than the properties of pure metals. Only aluminum may be largely used in the form of a simple metal.

People began to use metals after wood and stone, but now metals are more important for our industry than these two old materials. Metals have such a great importance because of their useful properties. Metals are much stronger and harder than wood and that is why some engineering constructions and machines were impossible when people did not know how to produce and how to use metals. Metal is not so brittle as stone, which was the first, engineering material for people. Strength, hardness, and plasticity of metals are the properties, which made metals so useful for industry. It is possible to find some very plastic wood, but it will be much softer than many metals; stone may be very hard, but it is not plastic at all. Only metals have a combination of there three most useful engineering properties.

But it is much more difficult to get the metals from the earth in which they are found than to find some stone or wood, than is why people began to use metals after stone and wood. The first metal, which was produced by the people, was copper; iron was produced much later.

Different metals are produced in different ways, but almost all the metals are found in the form of metal ore (iron ore copper ore, etc.)

The ore is a mineral consisting of a metal combined with some impurities. In order to produce a metal from some metal ore, we must separate these impurities from the metal; that is done by metallurgy.

Задание 4:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту и составьте краткий пересказ текста:

1. Which metal is the most important for industry?

2. What is an alloy?

3. Can all metals be used in industry?

4. How do we call alloys consisting of iron combined with carbon?

5. Why are ferrous metals used more largely then nonferrous?

6. What properties of metals make them so useful for engineering?

Задание 5:

Заполните пропуски в предложениях в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Alloys are materials consisting of a simple metal combined---.

2. The most important nonferrous metals are---.

3. Metals have a great importance because---.

4.Stone may be very hard, but ----.

Задание 6:

Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках в правильную форму:

1. Metals (to use) by man after wood and stone.

2. Engineering metals (to use) in industry in the form of alloys.

3. Different metals (to produce) in different ways.

4. The first metal which (to produce) by people was copper.

Задание 7:

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:

1. Самым важным из технических металлов является железо.

2. Железо используется в промышленности в форме сплава с углеродом.

3. Наиболее полезными техническими свойствами металлов являются твердость, прочность и пластичность.

4. Чистое железо не может быть использовано в промышленности потому, что оно очень мягкое.

Задание 8:

Прочитайте и подберите соответствующие русские эквиваленты английским словам :

Carbon steel, alloy steel, alloying element, tungsten, low carbon steel, medium carbon steel, tool steel, high-speed steel, rails, bolts, gears, bearings, springs, shafts, tough, strong, cause, resist, rusting, increase.

Легирующий элемент, углеродистая сталь, валы, увеличивать, рельсы, сопротивляться, быстрорежущая сталь, легированная сталь, пружины, инструментальная сталь, заставлять, шестерни, прочный, сильный, вольфрам, среднеуглеродистая сталь, ржавчина, болты, низкоуглеродистая сталь, подшипники.

Задание 9:Переведите на русский язык следующий текст:

KINDS OF STEEL

There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains some other “alloying elements” such as nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium.

Each kind of steel is divided into several grades as follows:

1. Carbon steels.

a) low carbon steel containing from 0.05 to 0.15 per cent carbon; This steel is also known as machine steel;

b) medium steel containing from 0.15 to 0.60 per cent carbon;

c) high carbon steel containing from 0.6 to 1.50 per cent carbon; this steel is sometimes called “tool steel”.

2. Alloy steels.

a) special alloy steel, such as nickel steel, chromium steel;

b) high-speed steel also known as self-hardening steel.

Carbon steels are the most common steels used in. industry. The properties of these steels depend only on percentage of carbon they contain. Low carbon steels are very soft and can be used for rails, bolts and for machine parts that do not need strength.

Medium carbon steel is a better grade and stronger than low carbon steel. It is also more difficult to cut than low carbon steel.

High carbon steel may be hardened by heating it to a certain temperature and then quickly cooling in water. The more carbon the steel contains and the quicker the cooling is, the harder it becomes. Because of its high strength and hardness this grade of steel may be used for tools and working parts of machines.

But for some special uses, for example, for gears, bearings, springs, shafts, and wire, carbon steels cannot be always used because they have no properties needed for these parts. Some special alloy steels should be used for such parts because the alloying elements make them tougher, stronger, or harder than carbon steels.

Some alloying elements cause steel to resist rusting (corrosion), and such steels are called stainless steels. Stainless steels contain a high percentage of chromium. Chromium also makes steel harder. Nickel is used in steel to increase strength and toughness. Some alloying elements (such as chromium and tungsten make the grain of steel finer, thus increasing the hardness and strength of steel, because the finer the grain is, the stronger the steel becomes.

Heat-resistant steel is made by adding some tungsten and molybdenum, while manganese increases the wear resistance of steel. Vanadium steels resist corrosion and can stand shocks and vibration.

Tools made of high-speed steel containing tungsten, chromium, vanadium and carbon may do the work at much higher speeds than carbon tool steels.

Задание 10: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are two general kinds of steel?

2. What is carbon steel?

3. What is an alloy steel?

4. What is the carbon content of medium-carbon steel?

5. Where are low-carbon steels used?

6. Where are high-carbon steels use?

7. What kind of steel can be hardened?

8. What steels are called stainless steels?

9. What parts are generally made of alloy steel?

10. Which alloying elements enable steel to resistrust?