Косвенная речь в английском языке

REPORTED SPEECH

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We can say what another person said, using: Direct speech – we repeat the actual words someone said. Ex. “I’m going to the cinema”, Tom said. Reported speech – we report the meaning of what someone said. Ex. Tom said that he was going to the cinema. In reported statements we change the verb tenses , pronouns and time expressions that were used in the direct speech. In reported speech: -We do not use quotation marks - Time expressions

Now - then

Last week - the week before

Tomorrow - the day after

Tonight - that night

Say-Tell

• Say + (that) + clause
• Say + to + personal object + (that) + clause

• Tell + personal object + (that) + clause
• We use say + to-infinitive but never say about . We use speak/talk about instead.

Say

hello, good morning/afternoon, something/nothing, so, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/sure

Tell

The truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, someone’s fortune

Ask

A question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something

Past Simple or Past Perfect Reported Speech “ We bought a car yesterday”. They said (that) they bought/had bought a car the previous day. Past Continuous - Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous “ I was watching the football match”. Future Simple - Future in the Past Tom said (that) he had been watching the football match. "I will come tomorrow“. He said (that) he would come the next day. Direct Speech Reported Speech Present Simple - Past Simple “ I want to go to the theatre”. She said (that) she wanted to go to the theatre. Present Continuous - Past Continuous “ I am cooking the dinner now”. Present Perfect - Past Perfect Mother said (that) she was cooking the dinner then. “ I have worked hard today”. My brother said (that) he had worked hard that day. " width="640"

Reporting the past

Direct Speech

Past Simple - Past Simple or Past Perfect

Reported Speech

“ We bought a car yesterday”.

They said (that) they bought/had bought a car the previous day.

Past Continuous - Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous

“ I was watching the football match”.

Future Simple - Future in the Past

Tom said (that) he had been watching the football match.

"I will come tomorrow“.

He said (that) he would come the next day.

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Present Simple - Past Simple

“ I want to go to the theatre”.

She said (that) she wanted to go to the theatre.

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

“ I am cooking the dinner now”.

Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Mother said (that) she was cooking the dinner then.

“ I have worked hard today”.

My brother said (that) he had worked hard that day.

Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning as follows:

Now then, immediately

Today that day

Yesterday the day before, the previous day Tomorrow the next/following day

This week that week

Last week the week before, the previous week

Next week the week after, the following week

Ago before

Here there

She says (that) she can’t swim. The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions. - “Water boils at 100 degrees”, Justin said. - Justin said that water boils at 100 degrees. The reported sentence deals with conditionals type 2/3, wishes or unreal past. - “I wish I had a cat”, he said. - He said he wished he had a cat. The speaker is reporting sth immediately after it was said. - “The view is breathtaking”, he said. - He said that the view is breathtaking. " width="640"

Tenses do not change in reported speech when:

• The reporting verb (said, told, etc) is in the present, future or present perfect.

- “I can’t swim”, she says. - She says (that) she can’t swim.

• The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions.

- “Water boils at 100 degrees”, Justin said. - Justin said that water boils at 100 degrees.

• The reported sentence deals with conditionals type 2/3, wishes or unreal past.

- “I wish I had a cat”, he said. - He said he wished he had a cat.

• The speaker is reporting sth immediately after it was said.

- “The view is breathtaking”, he said. - He said that the view is breathtaking.

Reported Questions

• Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask , inquire , wonder or the expression want to know .
• When the direct question begins with a question word (who, where, how, when, what, etc), the reported question is introduced with the same question word.

“ What are you doing?” she inquired. (direct question)

She inquired what I was doing. (reported question)

• When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be, do, have) or a modal verb (can, may, etc), then the reported question is introduced with if or whether .

She asked, “Do you want to buy a car?” (direct question)

She wanted to know if/whether I wanted to buy a car. (reported question)

• In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative . The question mark and words/expressions such as please , well , oh , etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as they do in statements.

“ Could you open the window, please?” she asked. (direct question)

She asked me whether I could open the window. (reported question)

Indirect questions

• Indirect questions are used to ask for advice or information. They are introduced with: Could you tell me ..?, Do you know ..?, I wonder ..., I want to know …, I doubt …, etc and the verb is in the affirmative. If the indirect question starts with I want to know …, I wonder … or I doubt …, the question mark is omitted.

Direct question

“ Where is the hotel located?”

Indirect question

Could you tell me where the hotel is located?

She suggested read ing a book. (suggestion) “ You’d better go to the doctor”, he said. - He suggested that I (should) go to the doctor. (suggestion) “ Please, don’t do this”, she said to me. - She begged me not to do that. (request) " width="640"

Reported Requests/Suggestions

Reported requests/suggestions are introduced with a special introductory verb (ask, beg, suggest, etc) followed by a to-infinitive, an –ing form or a that-clause depending on the introductory verb.

“ Let’s read a book”, she said. - She suggested read ing a book. (suggestion)

“ You’d better go to the doctor”, he said. - He suggested that I (should) go to the doctor. (suggestion)

“ Please, don’t do this”, she said to me. - She begged me not to do that. (request)

The teacher told us to be quiet. (reported order) “ Don’t throw garbage on the lawn!” she said to him. (direct order) - She ordered him not to throw garbage on the lawn. (reported order) “ Be polite to her”, he said to me. - He advised me to be polite to her. (advice) " width="640"

Reported Orders/Commands

To report orders, commands or instructions, we use the verbs advise, order or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive.

“ Be quiet!” the teacher said to us. (direct order) -

The teacher told us to be quiet. (reported order)

“ Don’t throw garbage on the lawn!” she said to him. (direct order) -

She ordered him not to throw garbage on the lawn. (reported order)

“ Be polite to her”, he said to me. - He advised me to be polite to her. (advice)

Modal Verbs in Reported Speech

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

She said, “I will lend you my money”.

She said (that) she would lend me her money.

He said, “We can’t hear you”.

He said (that) they couldn’t hear me. (present)

He said, “I can go to the party with you”.

She said, “The bus may not arrive”.

He said (that) he would be able to go to the party with me. (future)

She said (that) the bus might not arrive.

He said, “Where shall I meet her?”

He asked where he would meet her. (information)

She asked me, “ Shall I enter the competition?”

He asked me, “ Shall I give you a lift?”

She asked (me) if she should enter the competition. (advice)

He offered to give me a lift. (offer)

Modal Verbs in Reported Speech

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

He said, “You must do this exercise”.

He said (that) I had to do that exercise”. (obligation)

She said, “He must be on his way home”.

She said (that) he must be on his way home. (deduction)

She said, “You needn’t wash the dishes”.

She said (that) I didn’t have to/didn’t need to wash the dishes. (present)

He said, “You needn’t pick up your stuff tomorrow”.

He said (that) I wouldn’t have to pick up my stuff the next day”. (future)

He said, “She should stop acting like a child”.

He said (that) she should stop acting like a child.

Special Introductory Verbs

Introductory verb + to-inf

Direct Speech

agree

“ Yes, I’ll come to your birthday party”.

demand

Reported Speech

“ Show me everything!”

She agreed to come to my birthday party.

offer

promise

“ Would you like me to make you some tea?”

He demanded to be shown everything.

“ I’ll study well”.

He offered to make me some tea.

refuse

She promised to study well.

“ I won’t listen to music”.

threaten

“ Return the wallet or I’ll call the police”.

He refused to listen to music.

claim

She threatened to call the police if I didn’t return the wallet.

“ I saw him stealing money”.

He claimed to have seen him stealing money.

Special Introductory Verbs

Introductory

verb + sb + to-inf

Direct Speech

advise

Reported Speech

“ You should get some rest”.

allow

“ You can take my camera”.

She advised me to have some rest.

ask

He allowed me to take his camera.

“ Please, open the window”.

beg

“ Please, please don’t sell the car”.

She asked me to open the window.

command

“ Turn left!”

encourage

He begged me not to sell the car.

“ Go ahead, open the door”.

He commanded me to turn left.

forbid

She encouraged me to open the door.

“ You mustn’t throw garbage”.

instruct

“ Restart your computer and log in to the app”.

She forbade me to throw garbage.

He instructed me to restart your computer and log in to the app.

Special Introductory Verbs

Introductory verb + sb + to-inf

Direct Speech

invite

“ Would you like to dance with me?”

order

Reported Speech

“ Stop smoking immediately”.

He invited me to dance with him.

permit

remind

“ You may use the telephone”.

He ordered them to stop smoking immediately.

“ Don’t forget to close the door”.

She permitted me to use the telephone.

urge

He reminded me to close the door.

“ Eat your food”.

warn

“ Don’t leave the house late”.

She urged me to eat my food.

want

He warned me not to leave the house late.

“ I’d like you to be polite”.

She wanted me to be polite.

Special Introductory Verbs

Introductory verb + ing form

Direct Speech

accuse sb of

“ You copied my test”.

apologise for

Reported Speech

“ I’m sorry I’m late”.

She accused me of coping her test.

admit (to)

He apologised for being late.

“ Yes, I made a mistake”.

boast about/of

“ I’m smarter than you”.

He admitted (to) making/having made a mistake.

complain about/of

“ I have a toothache”.

deny

She boasted about being smarter than me.

“ I didn’t buy a telephone”.

He complained of having a toothache.

insist on

He denied buying/having bought a phone.

“ You must start going to the gym”.

suggest

“ Let’s watch a film”.

She insisted on me/my going to the gym.

He suggested watching a film.

Special Introductory Verbs

Introductory verb + how/where/why/what/whether + clause

Direct Speech

explain to sb how + to-inf (when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject of the verb)

Reported Speech

“ This is how you do it.”

wonder (when the subject of the introductory verb is not the same as the subject in the reported question)

He asked himself, “Why are the children so joyful?”

She explained to me how to do it.

wonder + whether + clause

He asked himself, “Where are the neighbors moving to?”

He wondered why the children were so joyful.

She asked herself, “Will they call me?”

He wondered where the neighbors were moving to.

She wondered whether they would call her.

Practice

Change the following from Direct into Reported Speech

1 ”Where have you been”, he said to me.

2 ”Close your eyes and open the parcel”, she said to me.

3 ”Please sir, can I have some more food”, said Oliver.

4 ”Did you pay the electricity bill?” he said to his wife.

5 ”Let’s paint the walls blue!” he said.

6 “Touch your toes!” he said to us.

7 ”I’ll phone you in the evening tonight”, she said to him.

Practice

8 “China is a densely populated country”, she said.

9 “Can you speak French”, Tom asked me.

10 “You should go to a doctor”, he said.

11 “I didn’t hit him”, Ann said.

12 “Where have you been”, he asked her.

13 “Will you be home soon”, she asked her husband.

14 “Go to bed!” Father said to the children.

15 “Yes, it’s a good idea”, he said.